Table 1.
Models | Administration | Characteristics | Feasibility |
---|---|---|---|
Ad libitum alcohol-drinking water |
Oral alcohol consumption by drinking water | Low BAL; minimal elevation of ALT; mild steatosis | Easy to perform |
Ad libitum liquid diet (Lieber–DeCarli diet) |
Oral alcohol consumption with alcohol-containing liquid diet formula but with no other food or drink | Variable elevation range of ALT; marked steatosis; mild inflammation | Easy to perform |
Intragastric infusion (The Tsukamoto-French model) |
Direct enteral feeding through a surgically implanted intragastric cannula | High BAL; marked elevation of ALT; severe steatosis; mild inflammation; fibrosis | Difficult to perform |
Chronic and binge alcohol feeding (Gao-binge model) |
A single or repeated intragastric gavage of alcohol following chronic feeding with the Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet | High BAL; marked elevation of ALT; steatosis; neutrophil infiltration; necrosis; no fibrosis | Easy to perform |
Lieber–DeCarli diet + other hepatotoxins (Second hit model) |
Addition of hepatotoxins such as DEN, LPS or CCl4 during the chronic feeding phase of the Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet | Marked elevation of ALT; high mortality rate; significant liver fibrosis | Easy to perform |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BAL, blood alcohol level; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; DEN, diethylnitrosamine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.