Table 1.

Models of alcohol administration to rodent.

Models	Administration	Characteristics	Feasibility
Ad libitum alcohol-drinking water	Oral alcohol consumption by drinking water	Low BAL; minimal elevation of ALT; mild steatosis	Easy to perform
Ad libitum liquid diet (Lieber–DeCarli diet)	Oral alcohol consumption with alcohol-containing liquid diet formula but with no other food or drink	Variable elevation range of ALT; marked steatosis; mild inflammation	Easy to perform
Intragastric infusion (The Tsukamoto-French model)	Direct enteral feeding through a surgically implanted intragastric cannula	High BAL; marked elevation of ALT; severe steatosis; mild inflammation; fibrosis	Difficult to perform
Chronic and binge alcohol feeding (Gao-binge model)	A single or repeated intragastric gavage of alcohol following chronic feeding with the Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet	High BAL; marked elevation of ALT; steatosis; neutrophil infiltration; necrosis; no fibrosis	Easy to perform
Lieber–DeCarli diet + other hepatotoxins (Second hit model)	Addition of hepatotoxins such as DEN, LPS or CCl4 during the chronic feeding phase of the Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet	Marked elevation of ALT; high mortality rate; significant liver fibrosis	Easy to perform

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BAL, blood alcohol level; CCl₄, carbon tetrachloride; DEN, diethylnitrosamine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.