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. 2021 May 31;22(11):5938. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115938

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Influence of SFN on ROS-related pathways on bladder cancer. SFN blocks carcinogenesis by activating Nrf2 or the p38MAPK/Nrf2 axis and counteracting a moderate ROS-increase. Based on an initially excessive ROS level, SFN further increases ROS, resulting in apoptosis and proliferative inhibition. Nrf2 is thus considered a secondary product, followed by a ROS-increase involving anti-apoptotic properties. SFN also acts on the Akt/mTOR and NF-κB pathways, whereby the relevance of ROS as a trigger factor has not finally been validated; indicates activation; indicates inhibition; indicates not clear.

Inline graphic — Influence of SFN on ROS-related pathways on bladder cancer. SFN blocks carcinogenesis by activating Nrf2 or the p38MAPK/Nrf2 axis and counteracting a moderate ROS-increase. Based on an initially excessive ROS level, SFN further increases ROS, resulting in apoptosis and proliferative inhibition. Nrf2 is thus considered a secondary product, followed by a ROS-increase involving anti-apoptotic properties. SFN also acts on the Akt/mTOR and NF-κB pathways, whereby the relevance of ROS as a trigger factor has not finally been validated; indicates activation; indicates inhibition; indicates not clear.