Table 2.
Major bioactive protein components of bovine, goat, sheep colostrum, and milk.
| Proteins | Colostrum | Milk | [Ref] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine | Goat | Sheep | Bovine | Goat | Sheep | ||
| Casein (g/L) | 2.6 | n.d. | n.d. | * 2.7; 2.8 | 2.5 | 4.6 | [14], * [22] |
| κ-casein (%) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | * 12 | ** 20.4 | * 9.1–10.2 a | * [23,24], ** [22] |
| αS1-casein (%) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | * 37 | ** 5.6 | * 33.9–39.9 a | * [23,24], ** [22] |
| αS2-casein (%) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | * 10 | ** 19.2 | * 12–16.4 a | * [23,24], ** [22] |
| β-casein (%) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | * 35 | ** 54.8 | * 37–42.3 a | * [23,24], ** [22] |
| β-lactoglobulin (mg/mL) | * 7.9–30 | * 9.3–49.8 | ** 4–19 | *** 3.3 | **** 3.07 | **** 5.97 | * [25], ** [26], *** [14], **** [27] |
| α-lactalbumin (mg/mL) | * 3 | ** 2.77 | *** 1.5–2 | * 1.2 | **** 1.27 | **** 0.95 | * [14],** [25],*** [26],**** [27] |
| Immunoglobulins (g/L) | 20–150 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.5–1 | n.d. | n.d. | [14] |
| IgG | * 15–180 | ** 50–60 | *** 45–69 | * 0.35; ** 0.59 b | ** 0.1–0.4 | **** 0.35–1.62 | * [28,29,30,31,32,33,34], ** [22], *** [35], **** [36] |
| IgM | * 4.2; ** 5 b | * 1.6–5.2 | *** 1.3–21.20 | * 0.05 | * 0.01–0.04 | *** 0.2 | * [13,37],** [28,29,30,31,32,33,34],*** [38] |
| IgA | * 3.5; **3.9 b | ** 0.9–2.4 | *** 3.5 | ** 0.14 | ** 0.03–0.08 | *** 0.2 | * [28,29,30,31,32,33,34],** [13,37],*** [38] |
| Glycomacro-peptide (g/L) | 2.5 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.2 | n.d. | n.d. | [14] |
| Lactoferrin (g/L) | * 0.8; ***1.5–5 b | ** 0.38 | ** 0.74 | * 0.02–0.2; 0.02–0.75 b | * 0.098–0.15 | * 0.14 | * [39,40,41,42], ** [36], *** [43] |
| Lactoperoxidase (g/L) | * 0.02; *** 0.011–0.045 b | ** 0.062–0.204 | n.d. | * 0.03; *** 0.013–0.03 b | n.d. | n.d. | * [14], ** [8], *** [6] |
| Lysozyme (mg/L) | * 0.14–0.7 | n.d. | n.d. | ** 0.37–0.6 | ** 0.25 | ** 1–4 | * [44], ** [13] |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | * 1.3 | n.d. | n.d. | * 0.3 | ** 0.26–0.3 | ** 0.55–0.6 | * [14], ** [45] |
| Growth factors (µg/L) | 50 µg–40 mg/L | n.d. | n.d. | <1 µg–2 mg/L | n.d. | n.d. | [14] |
| IGF-I | * 0.049–2 a | n.d. | *** 0.199–0.265; ** 50–500 b | * <0.002–0.101 | **** 11–16.8 a | ** “low” | * [46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58],** [59],*** [60],**** [61,62,63] |
| IGF-II | ** 0.15–0.6 a | n.d. | n.d. | ** 0.002–0.1 a | * 106 | n.d. | * [62], ** [46,51,56] |
| EGF | * 0.004–0.008; 0.3242 b | n.d. | ** 1.7–2.3 | <0.002; 0.155 b | n.d. | ** <0.0008 | * [64,65], ** [66] |
| TGF-β1 | 0.0124–0.0426 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.0008–0.0035 | n.d. | n.d. | [49] |
| TGF-β2 | 0.15–1.15; 0.3 b | n.d. | n.d. | 0.013–0.07; 0.066 b | n.d. | n.d. | [48,67] |
n.d.: no data; a the minimum and maximum values from the test are given; b found different values; *, **, *** and **** refer to the corresponding [Ref] in the last column.