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Effect of DAA on AD-related cytokines and chemokines secreted by HMC-1cells. The level of IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), IL-8 (C), TNF-α (D), TSLP (E), and MCP-1 (F) in the supernatant of HMC-1 cells was determined by ELISA. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 4). ### p < 0.001 vs. normal; ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. control; DAA was used at 0.01 µM, 0.05 µM, 0.1 µM, and 0.2 µM. DEX, the positive control, was used at 0.1 µM.
