Figure 2.

Represents the schematic diagram of pLysRS-Ap₄A signaling activation during cancer metastasis. During chronic inflammation, the immune cells, such as mast cells (MCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), etc., release an abundance of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen species in the tumor microenvironment which can promote tumor metastasis. The released growth factors, chemokines and cytokines cause the activation of the pLysRS-Ap₄A-regulated MITF pathway. Thus, it promotes cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration and metastasis. Hence, the pLysRS-Ap₄A-regulated MITF pathway is the main hallmark in both cancer and immune cells.