Table 1.

Described mechanisms of fish- and shellfish-derived protein products.

Protein Product	Source	Preparation Method	Model(s)	Mechanism(s)	Reference
Peptides: IVPAS, FDKPVSPLL	Herring Milt	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): mix (confidential)	Cellular: LPS-stimulated J774 mouse macrophage cells	Inhibition of iNOS activity, oxygen radical scavenging.	[43]
Peptide: EGLLGDVF	Green mussel	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): Alcalase	Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Downregulation of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression.	[56]
Peptide: LGLGAAVL	Marine crab leg muscle	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): Trypsin	Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Suppression of COX-2 expression.	[24]
Hydrolysate	Threadfin bream muscle protein	Hydrolysate fraction: Treated with ultrasound 300W, and Microwave 100W Enzyme(s): Alcalase	Chemical: ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays Cellular: H2O2-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Radical scavenging. Upregulation of SOD and CAT activity. Downregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β.	[51]
Collagen Peptide Fraction: <3 kDa collagen peptide	Milkfish scales	Collagen extraction and ultrafiltration	Chemical: Lox-1 activity and nitric oxide radical production assays	Decrease in ROS and RNS activity via inhibition of lipoxygenase and NO	[14]
Hydrolysate: high molecular weight (>5 kDa) fraction	Blue mussel	From Hydrolysate: Enzyme: Pepsin	Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 gene expression and reduction in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Inhibition of of NF-κB translocation by preventing phosphorylation of IκBα and inhibition of PGE2 secretion.	[61]
Peptide: YA	Oyster	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): Protamex, and Neutrase	Chemical: COX-2 and 5-LOX activity assays Cellular: IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression in EtOH induced Chang liver cells	Inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LO, and a reduction in IL-1β, TNF-α	[70]
Peptides: KIWHHTF, VHYAGTVDY, HLDDALRGQE	Sturgeon back muscle	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): Pepsin	Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Downregulation of JNK and p38 phosphoylation. Decrease in IL-1β and IL-6. Upregulation of SOD activity.	[46]
Hydrolysates	Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) viscera	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): Protamex, Flavourzyme, and Alcalase	Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells in vivo: female six-month-old B6.129P2-ApoE−/− mice	Inhibition of COX-2 and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by preventing phosphorylation of IκBα. Modulation of iNOS, MnSOD and HO-1 expression. Downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6, and modulation of SOD, catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and Heme oxygenase in mice aorta and heart tissue.	[15]
Hydrolysate Fraction: <1.5 kDa	Sturgeon Muscle	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): Pepsin	Chemical: ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Radical scavenging. Inhibition of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and phosphrylation of MAPKs/IκBα	[63]
Peptides: SNKGGGRPN, PGVATAPTH, LLGLGLPPA	Salmon Bones	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): Papain	Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Inhibition of NO, COX-2, IL-6, iNOS, and TNF-α mRNA	[44]
Peptide: HKGQCC	Saltwater clams (Meretrix meretrix)	From Hydrolysate Enzyme(s): Trypsin	Chemical: Albumin denaturation assay Cellular: Human red blood cell (HRBC) stabilization assay Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells in vivo: 6–7 month old wild type zebrafish	Inhibition of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells Inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 mRNA in LPS-stimulated Zebrafish	[48]
Peptide: PAY	Salmon pectoral fin	From Hydrolysate Enzyme: Pepsin	Cellular: LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Inhibition of NO/iNOS, PGE2/COX-2 pathways. Reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expression.	[65]
Hydrolysates	Sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus) muscle (MHA) and roe (RHC)	From Hydrolysate Enzymes: Collupulin MG (RHC), and Alcalase (MHA)	Chemical: DPPH radical scavenging assay	Radical scavenging.	[82]