Figure 2.

Interaction between subchronic administration of therapeutic-relevant concentration of valproate (VPA: 500 μM) and acute administration of antipsychotics, CLZ (A), QTP (B) and BPZ (C) on l-glutamate release through activated hemichannel. Ordinate: mean ± SD (n = 6) of the high (100 mM) K⁺ with Ca²⁺ free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (FCHK-ACSF) evoked astroglial l-glutamate release (μM), and abscissa: concentration of CLZ, QTP and BPZ (μM). Black and blue circles indicate acute antipsychotics administration alone (control) and combination of subchronic VPA with acute antipsychotics administrations (+VPA), respectively. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01: relative to antipsychotics free, @@ p < 0.01: relative to control by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test.