Table 3.
Studies reporting sex specific associations of selected gene variants with DKD phenotypes.
| Reference | Ethnic Group | Locus | Study Design | Sex Specific Association * | MAU | Low eGFR | DKD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies on T2DM subjects | |||||||
| Lin, 2009 [191] | US | AGT1R (1166) | cohort study | Male/Female | Not significant | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Tien, 2009 [198] | Taiwan | ACE D/I | Prospective | Female | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Mooyaart, 2011 [181] | Multi-ethnic | 24 gene variants: ACE, AKR1B1 (two variants), APOC1, APOE, EPO,NOS3 (two variants), HSPG2, VEGFA, FRMD3 (two variants), CARS (two variants), UNC13B, CPVL and CHN2, and GREM1, plus 3 variants not near genes. |
GWAS | NR | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Ahluwalia, 2011 [193] | Sweden | CNDP1 (rs2346061) | Case–control | Male/Female | Higher risk | Not significant | Higher risk |
| Ahluwalia, 2011 [193] | Sweden | CNDP2 (rs7577) | Case–control | Female | Higher risk | Not significant | Higher risk |
| Kurashige, 2013 [195] | Japan | CNDP1 (rs12604675) | Case–control | Female | Higher risk | Not significant | Higher risk |
| Alkhalaf, 2015 [194] | Netherlands | CNDP1 (5L-5L) | prospective | Male/Female | Not significant | Not significant | Not significant |
| Teumer, 2015 [183] | European |
RAB38/CTSC (rs649529), HS6ST1 (rs13427836), CUBN (rs10795433) |
GWAS | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Prudente, 2017 [180] | Italy | UMOD (rs12917707) | Cross-sectional | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Russo, 2017 [206] | Italy | CETP Taq1B | cohort | Female | Not significant | Not significant | Not significant |
| van Zuydam, 2018 [184] | European | GABRR1 (rs9942471) | GWAS | NR | Higher risk | Not significant | Higher risk |
| Huang, 2019 [207] | Taiwan | CETP rs1800775 | Cross-sectional | NR | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Mantovani, 2019 [205] | Italy | PNPLA3 rs738409 | Cross-sectional | Female | NR | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Vujkovic, 2020 [189] | Multi-ethnic | UMOD | GWAS | Not significant | Not significant | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Studies on T1DM subjects | |||||||
| Freire, 1998 [190] | US | AGT (M235T) | case–control | Male | Higher risk | Not significant | Higher risk |
| Miynarski, 2005 [202] | US | CCR5 (A59029G) | Case–control | Male | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Miynarski, 2005 [202] | US | CCR5 (32bp deletion) | Case–control | Male | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Mollsten, 2011 [192] | Denmark, Finland, France and Sweden | AGTR1 (rs5186) | case–control | Male | Higher risk | Not significant | Higher risk |
| Gu/Horova, 2012 [204] | European | IGF2 (rs10770125) | Case–control | Male | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Gu/Horova, 2012 [204] | European | IGF2BP2(rs4402960) | Case–control | Male | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Montero, 2013 [201] | Brazil/France/Belgium | CYBB (rs6610650) | Cross-sectional | Female | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Montero, 2013 [201] | Brazil/France/Belgium | GPX4 (rs713041) | Cross -sectional | Male | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Saldholm, 2013 [203] | Finland | Chr2q31.1 (rs4972593) | GWAS | Female | NR | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Sanholm, 2017 [182] | European | AFF3, CNTNAP2, NRG3, and PTPN13, ELMO1, 13q, and SIK1 | GWAS | NR | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Gu, 2019 [200] | Sweden | SOX2 (rs11915160) | Case–control | Female | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Salem, 2019 [185] | European | COL4A3 (rs55703767) | GWAS | Male | Higher risk | Higher risk | Higher risk |
| Mori, 2020 [186] | Brazil | HSD11B1 (rs17389016) | cohort | NR | Not significant | Higher risk | Higher risk |
Abbreviations: DKD, diabetic kidney disease; * Sex specific association: sex with the strongest association is reported; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MAU, micro/macroalbuminuria; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NR, sex/gender differences not reported. Not significant, no significant association.