Table 7.

Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of soybean-derived CGJ.

Model	Strain Used in Fermentation	Action Mode	Reference
Anti-obesity
Mice	L. acidophilus KCTC3925	Suppressing serum triglyceride; increasing serum of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and leptin levels; downregulating expression of COX-2, IL-4, and ICAM1-1 genes	[44]
C57BL/6J mice	B. licheniformis-67 Bacillus spp.	Downregulating lipid anabolic gene and upregulating lipid catabolic gene; lowering serum and hepatic lipid profiles, blood glucose, insulin, and leptin levels Lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels in blood by increasing the expression of CPT-1 encoding carnitine palmitoyltransferase, ACO encoding acyl-CoA oxidase, and UCP2 encoding uncoupling protein 2 associated with fatty acid oxidation in liver	[41,42]
Women	–	Increasing the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 in CGJ-supplemented women having a body mass index ≥23 kg/m2; waist-to-hip ratio of ≥0.90 for men and ≥0.85 for women	[143]
Men and women between 19 and 29 years of age	Bacillus licheniformis	Improving percentage body fat, lean body mass, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio of CGJ-supplemented women	[144]
Men:women   (mean age, 44.9 ± 3.1 years)	Bacillus spp.	Lowering fasting blood glucose level; improving plasma lipid profile	[93]
3T3-L1 cells	Bacillus spp.	Exhibiting anti-lipogenic effect by suppressing lipid accumulation	[135]
Anti-diabetic activity
KK-Ay/TaJcl mice	Bacillus spp. KCTC11351BP B. subtilis KCTC 11352BP B. sonolensis KCTC 11354BP B. circulans KCTC 11355BP	Enhancing decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin level, improvement in insulin sensitivity, and decrease in serum glycerides and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels Activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ); regulating glucose uptake via AMP-activated kinase stimulation	[3,134]
C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice	B. subtilis	Improving insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic animals that are partly medicated by regulating hepatic glucose enzymes, including glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), hepatic glycogen content, and insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues	[133]
Type 2 diabetic male rats	B. lichemiformis	Enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during hyperglycemic clamp through regulation of hepatic insulin signaling pathway (i.e., Akt and AMPK)	[136,137]
3T3-L1 cell	B. subtilis	Stimulating translocation of glucose transporter-4 into the plasma membrane through phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and Akt → enhancing glucose utilization via activating insulin signaling and stimulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) activity by increasing isoflavonoid aglycones (especially daidzein) in adipocytes Improving glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by increasing levels of small peptides with low polarity in insulinoma cells	[145]