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. 2021 May 31;26(11):3299. doi: 10.3390/molecules26113299

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© 2021 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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GSL biosynthesis pathways. Left panel: ceramide (Cer) can be acylated (acyl-Cer), phosphorylated (Cer-1-phosphate), or conveyed to the TGN for the synthesis of sphingomyelin (SM). Alternatively, Cer is glycosylated for the synthesis of the GSL precursors, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) or galactosylceramide (GalCer) along the secretory pathway. GalCer is then processed for the production of sulfatides. Right panel: GlcCer is galactosylated to lactosylceramide (LacCer), which serves as a common precursor for the different GSL series: globo (red), ganglio (green), asialo (blue) and lacto (purple). Glycosphingolipid-synthetizing enzymes catalyzing the major synthetic reactions are shown in dark orange. Reproduced with permission from The Journal of Cell Science, Ref. [41].