Table 3.
Bacteria isolated from aquaculture in the Mediterranean area, antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-resistance genes.
| Country/Area | Isolated Bacteria Species/Genus/Family/Order/Class | Antibiotic-Resistance | Antibiotic-Resistant Genes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. fluvialis, V. hollisae | [133] | ||
| Croatia | Aeromonas spp. | [134] | ||
| Eastern Adriatic | Vibrio spp. | flumequinone, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline | [135] | |
| Egypt | Aeromonas spp. | chloramphenicol, kanamycin, azithromycin | [136] | |
| Egypt | Pseudomonas anguilliseptica | [137] | ||
| Egypt | Aeromonas hydrophila | penicillin, erythromycin | [138] | |
| Egypt | Enterobacteriaceae | cephalosporins, carbapenem | blaKPC (blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaPER-1) | [139] |
| France | Flavobacterium psychrophilum | [140] | ||
| France | Yersinia ruckeri | [141] | ||
| Greece | Acinetobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Stenotrophomonas spp. | tetracycline | tetA, tetK, tetC, tetE, tetM | [127] |
| Italy | Enterococci | ampicillin, gentamicin | tetM, tetL, tetO, ermB, mef | [142] |
| Italy | Aeromonas spp., Photobacterium spp., Shewanella spp., Vibrio spp. | tetracycline, flumequine, trimethoprim | [122] | |
| Italy | Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida, Vibrio fluvialis, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. metschnikovii | ampicillin, carbenicillin, kanamycin, cefalothin | [143] | |
| Italy | Aeromonas spp. | ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, streptomycin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim | [125] | |
| Italy | Shewanella algae, Vibrio spp. | beta-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, polymyxins, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, erythromycin |
blaOXA-55-like,
blaAmpC, mexB-OprM, mdtG, mdlB,tet34, tet35, tetR, eptA, cat, mdtL |
[46] |
| Lebanon | Streptococcus pneumoniae | polymyxins, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, erythromycin | [144] | |
| Spain | Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp., Vibrio mimicus, V. furnissii. | oxytetracycline, nitrofurantoin, oxacillin, sulfomethoxazole/trimethoprim | [145] | |
| Spain | Flavobacterium psychrophilum | oxytetracycline, florfenicol | [146] | |
| Spain | Aeromonas salmonicida | nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline | [147] | |
| Tunisia | Vibrio alginolyticus | ampicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin, cefataxime, streptomycin, trimetoprim | [148] | |
| Tunisia | Escherichia coli | tertracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole | tetA-tetB | [149] |
| Turkey | E. coli, coliforms, fish pathogens | sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, aztreonam | ampC, blaCTX-M1, tetA, sul2, blaTEM | [150] |
| Turkey | Y. ruckeri | floR, sulI, tetC, tetD, tetE | [151] | |
| Turkey | Y. ruckeri | erythromycin, florfenicol, sulfonamide, tetracycline, trimetophrin | ermB, ermY, floR, su/I, suffll, tetA-tetG | [152] |
| Turkey | Aeromonas media, A. rivipollensis, A. salmonicida, Bacillus pumilus, B. zhangzhouensis, Hafnia alvei, Kluyvera intermedia, Pantoea spp., Pseudomonas spp., P. protegens, Staphylococcus spp., Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Burkholderiales | sulfamethacin, sulfamerazine, erythromycin, tetracycline | [153] |