Table 2.
Summary of the demographic characteristics of the studies assessed the relationship between rumination and eating behavior.
| Source | Study Design | Sample-Size | Age (Years) Mean ± SD |
Sex % (n) | Diagnostic Tool Eating Measure |
Sub-Types of ED Symptoms | Rumination Measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| González et al. 2017 [57] | cross-sectional | general population: 176 | 31.2 ± 13.3 | F: 67% (118) | EAT-26 | AN BN |
RRS |
| Naumann et al. 2015 [59] | experiment case-control | cases: 36 controls: 19 |
AN: 24.94 ± 8.92 BN: 23.28 ± 6.37 CG: 23.32 ± 8.02 |
F: 100% (111) |
DSM-IV-TR EDE |
AN BN |
Rumination experimentally induced by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s task (1993) RSQ |
| Troop and Treasure 1997 [61] | case–control | cases: 21 controls: 15 |
AN: 23.3 ± 5 BN: 25.4 ± 10.8 CG: 29.5 ± 9 |
F: 100% (36) | ICD-10 | AN BN |
Coping Strategies Interview |
| Cowdrey and Park 2012 [62] | cross-sectional | general population: 228 | 24.03 ± 7.62 | F:100% vs. 100% | EDE-Q | AN and Eating pathology | RRS-ED |
| AN: 42 | 24 ± 8.31 | ||||||
| Rawal et al. 2010 [63] | Study 1 cross-sectional |
students: 177 | 22.39 ± 5.13 | F: 68.92% (122) |
DSM-IV EDE-Q |
AN | Study 1 & 2: RRS |
| Study 2 case–control |
cases: 13 controls: 13 |
26.38 ± 8.77 vs. 25.77 ± 4.85 | F:100% vs. 100% | MINI EDE |
|||
| Wang and Borders 2018 [64] | Study 1 cross-sectional | undergraduate students: 126 | 19.7 ± 1.10 | F: 84% (106) | EDE-Q | Eating pathology | RRS |
| Study 2 cross-sectional | cases: 85 | 24.57 ± 9.95 | F: 87.1% (74) | ||||
| Mason and Lewis 2017 [65] | cross-sectional | general population Caucasian: 100 | 20.14 ± 1.82 | F = 100% | DSM-5 (binge eating episode) |
- | RSQ |
| African-America: 84 | 19.75 ± 1.86 | ||||||
| Startup et al. 2013 [66] | cross-sectional | cases: 62 | 26.6 ± 7.8 | F: 93.5% (58) |
DSM-IV EDE |
AN | CERTS |
| Connolly et al. 2007 [70] | cross-sectional | general population: 140 | 19.5 ± 2.57 | F 100% (140) | BES EDE-Q |
BED | BARQ |
| Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 2007 [71] | cross-sectional | general population: 496 | 13.5 ± 0.67 | F = 100% | DSM-IV EDE |
BN | RSQ |
| Harrell et al. 2008 [72] | cross-sectional | general population: 329 | 19.31 | F = 100% | Dieting and Bingeing Severity Scale | - | AFCI |
| Selby et al. 2008 [73] | cross-sectional | general population: 200 | 18.6 ± 2.36 | F: 68.5% (137) | EDI | BN | CERQ |
| Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema 2010 [74] | cross-sectional | undergraduate students: 252 | 18.44 ± 0.66 | F: 55.6% (140) | EDE-Q | - | RRS |
| Holm-Denoma and Hankin 2010 [75] | cross-sectional | general population: 191 | 14.5 ± 1.4 | F = 100% | EDDS | BN | CRSQ |
| Verplanken and Tangelder 2011 [76] | cross-sectional | students: 303 | 24 ± 4 | F: 50.16% (152) |
EDS-5 | - | Negative Body Image Thinking |
| Gordon et al. 2012 [77] | cross-sectional | general population: 780 | 19.27 ± 2.12 | F: 65.7% (512) | BES | BED | RRS |
| Kelly et al. 2012 [78] | cross-sectional | general population: 419 | 18.95 ± 1.33 | F = 100% | EDE-Q | BED | CERQ |
| Hilt et al. 2013 [79] | cross-sectional | general population: 101 | 12.7 ± 1.14 | F = 100% | Children’s Eating Attitudes Test ChEAT | Eating pathology | CRSQ |
| Svaldi and Naumann 2014 [80] | cross-sectional | cases: 30 | 46.33 | F = 100% | DSM-IV-TR EDE |
BED | PTQ |
| Mason and Lewis 2015 [81] | cross-sectional | general population: 164 | - | F = 100% | BES | BED | CERQ |
| Breithaupt et al. 2016 [82] | cross-sectional | general population: 353 | 21.93 ± 5.78 | F = 85% (300) | EAT-26 | BN | RRS |
| Jungmann et al. 2016 [83] | cross-sectional | general population: 414 | 47.2 ± 16.7 | F: 54% (223) | EDI-2 | BN | RSQ |
| Maraldo et al. 2016 [84] | cross-sectional | community participants: 313 students: 296 |
34.74 ± 11.36 vs. 19.44 ± 1.75 | F = 100% | EDE-Q | Eating pathology | RRS |
| Naumann et al. 2016 [85] | case-control | cases: AN: 42 BN: 40 controls: 41 |
AN: 25.71 ± 10.65 BN: 25.78 ± 8.49 CG: 25.61 ± 10.30 |
F = 100% | DSM-IV EDE |
AN BN |
Self-constructed Visual Analog Scales |
| Seidel et al. 2016 [86] | case-control | cases: 37 controls: 33 |
AN: 16.40 ± 2.33 CG: 16.51 ± 3.79 |
F = 100% | DSM-IV EDI-2 |
AN | PTQ |
| Opwis et al. 2017 [87] | cross-sectional | general population: 295 | F: 30.23 ± 8.94 M: 30.76 ± 9.14 |
F: 69% (205) | EDE-Q | Eating pathology | RS-8 |
| Wang and Borders 2017 [88] | cross-sectional | general population: 116 | 24.8 ± 5.35 | M: 59.5% (69) | EAT-26 | Eating pathology | Items modified from the Rumination About Interpersonal Offences Scale |
| Wang et al. 2017 [89] | cross-sectional | cases: 237 | 47.9 ± 10 | F: 70% (167) | DSM-IV-TR EDE |
BED | RRS |
| Dondzillo et al. 2018 [90] | cross-sectional | general population: 73 | 18.59 ± 1.28 | F = 100% | DEBQ | AN | RRS-ED |
| Van Durme et al. 2018 [91] | cross-sectional | general population: 397 | 14.02 | F: 62.7% (249) | EDI-II | BN | FEEL-KJ |
| Birmachu et al. 2019 [92] | cross-sectional | general population: 300 | 22.99 ± 6.91 | F: 63.6% (190) | EDE-Q | Eating pathology | RRQ |
| Fresnics et al. 2019 [93] | cross-sectional | general population: 190 | 19.3 ± 1.10 | F: 84% (160) | EDE-Q | Eating pathology | RRS |
| Hernando et al. 2019 [94] | case-control | cases: 25 controls: 25 |
16.6 ± 2.24 vs. 19.08 ± 0.64 |
F = 100% | - | AN, BN, OSFED | RSQ |
| Smith et al. 2019 [95] | cross-sectional | undergraduate students: 263 | 20.3 ± 3.68 | F: 74.9% (197) | EDDS | Eating pathology | RRS |
| Branley-Bell and Talbot 2020 [96] | cross-sectional | general population: 129 | 9.27 ± 8.99 | F: 93.8% (121) | Self-reported ED | Eating pathology | RRS-ED |
Note: AN: Anorexia Nervosa; BN: Bulimia Nervosa; CG: control group; OSFED: Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; EAT-26: Eating Attitudes: Test EDE: Eating Disorder Examination; EDDS: Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale; EDI-2: Eating Disorder Inventory; RSQ: Response Styles Questionnaire; BES: Binge Eating Scale; EDE-Q: Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire; EDS-5: Eating Disturbance Scale; BARQ: Behavioural Anger Response Questionnaire; RRS: Ruminative Response Scale; RRS-ED: Ruminative Response Scale for Eating Disorders; MINI: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; AFCI: Adult Emotion-Focused Coping Inventory; ChEAT: Children’s Eating Attitudes Test; CRSQ: Children’s Response Style Questionnaire; CERQ: Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; EDE-Q: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; RS-8: Rumination–Suppression-8 Scale; CERTS: Cambridge Exeter Repetitive Thought Scale; DEBQ: Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire; FEEL-KJ: Fragebogen zur Erhebung der Emotionsregulation bei Kindern und Jugendlich; RRQ: Rumination–reflection Questionnaire.