Table 1.

Changes in the molecular composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from COVID-19 patients, on the basis of which they could serve as biomarkers for the severity of the disease and associated thrombosis. PMVs: platelet-derived MVs; EV-TF: EVs and associated TF; exRNA: extracellular RNA; increase.

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as Prognostic and Biomarkers in COVID-19 and Related Thrombosis
EV Isolated from Serum or Plasma of COVID-19 Patients	Extracellular Vesicles– Molecular Changes	EVs as Prognostic and Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients	References
EVs from serum (31 COVID-19 patients (22 with mild and 9 with severe symptoms)/10 healthy subjects (control))	COPB2/KRAS/PRKCB/RHOC expression in patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms CD147/CAPN2/ECM1/FGG expression in patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms exRNA:SNORD33/AL732437.2/RNU2-29P/CDKN2B-AS1/ AL365184.1/miR-122-5p expression in patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms	-essential role in distinguishing severe and mild forms of COVID-19 -role in developing an effective therapeutic plan for early disease prediction	[147]
Plasma EVs (100 COVID-19 patients (with mild and severe symptoms)/28 healthy subjects (control))	TF-positive EV levels in COVID-19 patients EV-TF activity in COVID-19 patients EV-TF activity—positively correlated with plasma markers: D-dimer, PT, INR, prothrombin, fibrinogen, antithrombin, vWF (markers directly associated with thrombosis)	-contribute to thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 -EV-TF activity—prognostic biomarker in patients with COVID-19	[148,149]
Blood PMVs (69 COVID-19 patients, 62 patients after COVID-19, 10 healthy subjects)	PMV levels in COVID-19 patients -platelet levels unchanged in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects	-positively correlated with Sars-CoV-2 infection -can be used as a biomarker to diagnose Sars-Cov-2 infection	[150]
EVs from plasma (53 COVID-19 patients (with mild and severe symptoms)/healthy subjects (control))	PMV levels in patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms exosome levels in patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms TF/t-PA/vWF/CD163/EN-RAGE expression (prothrombotic/endothelial injury factors) in COVID-19 patients with severe pathology HGF/MB/REN/prostasin/PRSS8 (factors associated with cardiovascular pathology) in COVID-19 patients with severe pathology TNF-α/IL-6/MCP-1 levels in patients with mild and severe COVID-19 symptoms caspase 3/7 activity in patients with mild and severe COVID-19 symptoms	-important role in assessing the severity of COVID-19 patients -can contribute to identifying specific markers of endothelial injury and inflammation in COVID-19 patients	[152]