Table 1.

Summary of biochemical effects of emodin in lung cancer cell lines.

Cell Line	Cell Type	Concentration	Mechanism	Reference
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	50 µM	Increased cyt c, activation of caspase-2, -3, -9, and mitochondrial Bax Inactivation of ERK and AKT, formation of ROS, disruption of ∆Ψm, reduction of mitochondrial Bcl-2	[14]
CH27	Lung squamous cell carcinoma	50 µM	Morphological change, sub-G1 formation, disruption of focal adhesion kinase Increased expression of Bak and Bax proteins, activation of caspase-3, -8, -9	[25]
CH27	Lung squamous cell carcinoma	50 µM	Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation Increase in cyt c, activation of caspase-3, expression of PKCa Decreased expression of PKCδ and ε	[58]
H460	Non-small human lung carcinoma
NCI-H446	Small cell lung cancer	20 μmol/L	Increased caspase-3 activation Up-regulated NACA, p8, and PQBP1 genes Downregulated B2M, HLA-E, and CD1D genes	[62]
A549 H1650	Lung adenocarcinoma	2–10 μM (Emodin) 2 μM (Gefitinib)	Triggered Rad51 protein instability Decrease in phospho-ERK1/2 and Rad51 protein levels	[63]
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	50 µM	Activation of the ATM-p53-Bax signaling pathway, ROS formation	[64]
H1650 A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	25–100 µM	Inactivation of ERK1/2 Down-regulation of Rad51 and ERCC1	[65]
H520	Human bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma
H1703	Lung squamous cell carcinoma
H1650 A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	25–200 µM (capecitabine) 50 µM (emodin)	Inactivation of ERK1/2 Down-regulation of Rad51 and ERCC1 Increased mRNA and protein expression of TP	[66]
H520	Human bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma
H1703	Lung squamous cell carcinoma
H1703 A549	Lung squamous cell carcinoma Lung adenocarcinoma	1 µg/mL (cisplatin) 8.1; 16.2; 24.3 µg/mL (emodin)	Instability of the ERCC1 protein Inactivation of ERK1/2	[67]
SK-MES	Lung squamous cell carcinoma	40 μmol/L (SK-MES) 70 μmol/L (A549)	Decreased expression of ERCC1 and Rad51 protein and mRNA	[68]
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	100 μM	Decreased expression of CXCR4 and HER2	[69]
A549 PC9	Lung adenocarcinoma	50 μM	Increase in the phosphorylation of AMPKα and ERK1/2 Decrease in the expression of ILK	[71]
H1299 H1650 H1975	Non-small cell lung carcinoma
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	5 to 50 μM (emodin) 50 to 2000 nM (daunorubicin)	Inhibition of anthracycline reductase enzymes Sensitized cells to daunorubicin	[70]
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	50 μM	Arrest in G2/M phase Invasion inhibition Increased PPARγ protein and luciferase reporter activity	[72]
H1975	Non-small cell lung carcinoma
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	1 nM to 10 µM	Prevention of ATP-induced increases in P2X7 Invasion inhibition	[73]
A549 H1299	Lung adenocarcinoma	80 µmol/L	Increased caspase 3 activation, TRIB3 expression	[74]
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	30 to 100 µM/mL	Arrest in G1 and G2/M phase Loss of ∆Ψm Increased release of cyt c	[75]
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	10,15, and 20 µM	Inhibition of p53 protein aggregates	[76]
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	Emodin 10 μM Paclitaxel 4 μM	Increased Bax and active caspase 3 expressions Decreased Bcl-2, p-Akt, and p-ERK levels	[77]
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	5 µM emodin, 5–10 µM cisplatin (A549) 2.5 µM emodin, 5–10 µM cisplatin (H460)	Increased DNA damage Decreased Pgp expression	[79]
H460	Non-small human lung carcinoma
NCI-H-520	Human bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma	50 µM	Inhibition of MTH1, arrest in G2/M Increased expression of Bax, survivin, P-21, cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP (A549) Decreased Bcl-2, p-65 NFκβ (A549) Reduced integrin β1 and vimentin protein expression (A549)	[81]
NCI-H-460	Non-small human lung carcinoma
A-549	Lung adenocarcinoma
H1703	Lung squamous cell carcinoma	60 μM	Decreased levels of mitomycin C-derived Rad51 mRNA and protein	[82]
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma
A549	Lung adenocarcinoma	30 µM	Suppressed the secretion of HA Augmented cells in G1/G0 phase and reduced cells in S and G2/M phase (A549) Decreased cyclin A and B, increased cyclin C,D,E (A549)	[83]
H520	Human bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma
H1975	Non-small cell lung carcinoma
H1299	Lung adenocarcinoma
H460	Non-small human lung carcinoma