Table 2.
List of potential biomarkers of heart failure.
| Biomarkers | Number of Samples | Ethnic Group | Risk of HF/Clinical Outcome (Sensitivity, Specificity) | Tissues Used | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene (SNP) | |||||
|
HDC (rs17740607) |
1771 | Chinese | CHF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [18] |
| VDR | 235 | Chinese | CHF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [19] |
|
ADA (rs452159) |
700 | Chinese | CHF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [20] |
|
HRH3 (rs3787429) |
687 | Chinese | HF prognosis | Peripheral blood | [21] |
|
IL-17A (rs8193037) IL-17RA (rs4819554) |
>1000 | Chinese | HF prognosis and mortality | Peripheral blood | [26] |
|
ErbB4 (rs1300941) |
>1000 | Chinese | HF prognosis and cardiovascular death | Peripheral blood | [28] |
|
MHRT (rs7140721) (rs3729829) (rs3729825) |
480 | Chinese | HF predisposition and prognosis | Peripheral blood | [33] |
|
HSPB7 (rs1739843), FRMD4B (6787362) |
4789 | American | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [39] |
|
CLCNKA (rs10927887) |
5459 | American | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [40] |
|
TGFBR3 (rs6996224) |
3038 | American | HFpEF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [42] |
| Chromosome 20p 12 (rs2207418) |
2073 | American | HF predisposition and mortality | Peripheral blood | [43] |
| Chromosome 15 (rs28714259) |
2307 | American | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [45] |
| TNF-α(−238) | 193 | Iranian | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [47] |
| IL-4 (−590), IL-4 (−33), IL-4 (−1098) | 182 | Iranian | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [48] |
| IL-1β (−511) | 183 | Iranian | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [49] |
| IL-2 (−330, +166) | 195 | Iranian | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [50] |
| IL-10 (−1082, −819, −592), TGF-β1 (codon 10, codon 25) | 197 | Iranian | CHF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [51] |
| KCNE1 (S38G) | 933 | Italian | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [52] |
|
AGTR1 (rs16860760) (rs389566) (rs5186) |
352 | Taiwanese | Diastolic HF prognosis | Peripheral blood | [62] |
|
MYBPC3 (rs2290149) |
352 | Taiwanese | Diastolic HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [63] |
|
MIF G173C (rs755622) |
150 | Egyptian | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [67] |
| LEP (Gln223Arg) | 779 | Czech | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [69] |
| Chr 1 (rs660240), chr 4 (rs17042102), chr 5 (rs11745324), chr 6 (rs4135240, rs55730499, rs140570886), chr 9 (rs1556516, rs600038), chr10 (rs4746140, rs17617337), chr 12 (rs4766578), chr16 (rs56094641) | 977,323 | Global | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [72] |
| AGT (M174, T235), ACE(D) | 169 | Canadian | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [74] |
| Transcriptomes | |||||
| COL1A1 | 169 | Chinese | HF progression and survival time | Cardiac tissue and peripheral blood | [23] |
| GAS5, TUG1, and Hotair | 20 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [29] |
| UNC93B1 | 10 | Chinese | HF prognosis | Epicardial adipose tissue | [36] |
| STEAP4, SPARCL1, VSIG4 | 27 | Not mentioned | Prognosis of HF with right ventricular dysfunction | Right ventricular cardiac tissue | [41] |
| WIPI1 | 15 | American | Discriminate HF with right ventricular dysfunction from healthy controls | Cardiac tissue | [46] |
| SLC8A1, CHRNE, HCN2, BDKRB2, CACNA1G | 8 | Italian | Discriminate HF with left ventricular dysfunction from healthy controls | Left ventricular cardiac tissue | [54] |
| ANP, BNP, Slc8a1, CACNB2, MHC | Not mentioned | German | HF prognosis | Cardiac tissue | [61] |
| casp3, coll I, coll III, and TGF | 34 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [71] |
| miRNA | |||||
| miR-3135b, miR-3908, miR-5571-5p | 69 | Chinese | HF predisposition and discriminate HFrEF and HFpEF | Peripheral blood | [14] |
| CDR1as, miR-135a, miR-135b, and HMOX-1 | 60 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [15] |
| miRNA-21-5p, miRNA 30a-3p, miRNA 30a-5p, miRNA 155-5p, miRNA 216a, miRNA217 | 124 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [16] |
| miR-195-3p | 167 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [22] |
| COL1A1 | 169 | Chinese | HF progression and survival time | Cardiac tissue and peripheral blood | [23] |
| miR-660-3p, miR-665, miR-1285-3p, miR-4491 | 114 | Chinese | HF predisposition and severity | Cardiac tissue and peripheral blood | [24] |
| hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-8485, hsa-miR-940 | 20 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [29] |
| miR-92b-5p | 58 | Chinese | Discriminate HFrEF from healthy controls | Peripheral blood | [30] |
| miR-30c | 186 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [31] |
| COX-2, miR-4649, miR-1297 | 147 | Chinese | Discriminate nonischemic HF from healthy controls | Peripheral blood | [32] |
| mir-208a, mir-208b, mir499 | 171 | American | Prognosis, severity of HF, prediction after LVAD implantation | Cardiac tissue and peripheral blood | [37] |
| miRNA-146a | 60 | USA | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [38] |
| miR129-5p | 71 | American | HF predisposition and severity | Peripheral blood | [44] |
| miR-150-5p | 69 | Italian | HF severity | Peripheral blood | [55] |
| let-7i-5p, miR-18a-5p, miR-18b-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-301a-3p, miR-423-5p miR-652-3p | 198 | Dutch | HF predisposition and prognosis | Peripheral blood | [56] |
| miR-423-5p | 113 | Dutch | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [57] |
| miR-16-5p, miR-106a-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-652-3p, miR-199a-3p, miR-18a-5p | 124 | Not mentioned | HF prognosis | Peripheral blood | [58] |
| miR-21, miR-129, miR212 | Not mentioned | German | HF prognosis | Cardiac tissue | [61] |
| let-7b-5p, let-7c-5p, let-7e-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-27a-3p, miR-30a-5p, miR-30d-5p, miR-30e-5p, miR-130a-3p, miR-140-5p, miR-199a-5p, and miR-451a | 17 | Australian | HF predisposition | Aortic and coronary sinus blood | [65] |
| miR_103, miR_142_3p, miR_199a_3p, miR_23a, miR_27b, miR_324_5p, miR_342_3p miR_30b |
287 | New Zealanders | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [66] |
| miR126 | 60 | Japanese | HF predisposition and severity | Peripheral blood | [68] |
| miR-1, miR-21, miR-23, miR-29, miR-130, miR-195, miR-199 | 34 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [71] |
| miR-1233, miR-125a-5p, miR-183-3p, miR-190a, miR-193b-3p, miR-193b-5p, miR-211–5p, miR-494, miR-545–5p, miR-550a-5p, miR-638, miR-671-5p | 176 | Singaporeans | Distinguishing between HF and controls and between HFrEF and HFpEF | Peripheral blood | [73] |
| lncRNA | |||||
| COL1A1 | 169 | Chinese | HF progression and survival time | Cardiac tissue and peripheral blood | [23] |
| GAS5, TUG1 and Hotair | 20 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [29] |
| CASC7 | 186 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [31] |
| TUG1 | 160 | Chinese | HF predisposition and severity | Peripheral blood | [34] |
| ENST00000610659 | 10 | Chinese | HF prognosis | Epicardial adipose tissue | [36] |
| STEAP4, SPARCL1, VSIG4 | 27 | Not mentioned | Prognosis of HF with right ventricular dysfunction | Right ventricular cardiac tissue | [41] |
| CDKN2B-AS1, HOTAIR, LOC285194 | 46 | Italian | HF progression | Left ventricular cardiac tissue | [53] |
| SLC8A1, CHRNE, HCN2, BDKRB2, CACNA1G | 8 | Italian | Discriminate HF with left ventricular dysfunction from healthy controls | Left ventricular cardiac tissue | [54] |
| Heat2 | 139 | German | Discriminate HFrEF from healthy controls | Cardiac tissue and peripheral blood | [59] |
| DNA methylation | |||||
| SLC2A1, MPV17L, PLEC | 47 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [25] |
| METTL3, METTL4, KIAA1429, FTO, YTHDF2 | 40 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [35] |
| B9D1 | 72 | German | HF predisposition | Cardiac tissue and peripheral blood | [60] |
| HDAC9 | 20 | Australian | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [64] |
| HEY2, MSR1, MYOM3, COX17, MMP2, CTGF, miR-24-1, miR-155 | 78 | Irish | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [70] |
| circRNA | |||||
| hsa_circ_0099476, hsa_circ_0001312, hsa_circ_0005158, hsa_circ_0029696, hsa_circ_0040414 |
89 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [17] |
| has_circ_0112085, hsa_circ_0062960, hsa_circ_0053919, hsa_circ_0014010 | 60 | Chinese | HF predisposition | Peripheral blood | [27] |