Table 1.
Participant self-reported demographics and Life’s Simple 7 data by smoking status.
| Never Smoker (n = 1025) |
Former Smoker (n = 428) |
Current Smoker (n = 108) |
p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 43.4 ± 13.7 | 46.9 ± 11.5 | 41.0 ± 10.1 | <0.01 | |
| Gender (% female) | 79.8 | 79.7 | 85.2 | 0.40 | |
| Race and Ethnicity (no.) | <0.02 | ||||
| Asian | 37 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Black | 46 | 11 | 3 | ||
| Hispanic | 46 | 20 | 2 | ||
| White | 868 | 372 | 97 | ||
| Other | 28 | 21 | 5 | ||
| Region (no.) | 0.71 | ||||
| Northeast | 145 | 65 | 17 | ||
| South | 400 | 182 | 40 | ||
| Midwest | 258 | 96 | 24 | ||
| West | 222 | 85 | 27 | ||
| Diagnosed with Cardiovascular Disease (%) | 29.6 | 50.0 | 45.4 | <0.01 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 8.9 | 13.3 | 12.0 | <0.04 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 46.1 | 59.1 | 49.1 | <0.01 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 49.5 | 63.6 | 50.9 | <0.01 | |
| Medications (%) | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.8 | 11.2 | 8.3 | 0.11 | |
| Hypertension | 27.3 | 45.3 | 30.6 | <0.01 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 16.9 | 30.1 | 17.6 | <0.01 | |
| CLINICAL DATA | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 81.7 ± 23.1 | 89.7 ± 26.1 | 86.5 ± 25.6 | <0.01 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.1 ± 7.9 | 31.7 ± 8.7 | 31.3 ± 8.0 | <0.01 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 117.1 ± 12.0 | 120.1 ± 14.1 | 119.3 ± 12.9 | <0.01 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 73.2 ± 8.5 | 74.0 ± 9.1 | 72.6 ± 8.0 | 0.13 | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) * | 187 ± 29 | 192 ± 29 | 193 ± 27 | <0.01 | |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) * | 98.0 ± 17.0 | 102.0 ± 22.0 | 99.0 ± 16.0 | <0.01 | |
| DIET | |||||
| Vegetables/day (cups) | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | <0.01 | |
| Fruit/day (cups) | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | <0.01 | |
| Fish (servings/week) | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | <0.02 | |
| Whole grains (servings/day) | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | <0.01 | |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (servings/week) | 2.1 ± 3.1 | 2.3 ± 3.2 | 5.4 ± 4.8 | <0.01 | |
| Avoid prepackaged foods (%) | 52.7 | 54.0 | 40.7 | <0.05 | |
| Avoid eating out (%) | 37.0 | 41.4 | 28.7 | <0.05 | |
| Avoid salt at home (%) | 55.9 | 59.1 | 53.7 | 0.43 | |
| EXERCISE | |||||
| Moderate exercise (min/week) | 195.5 ± 200.5 | 217.9 ± 235.8 | 229.9 ± 255.7 | 0.08 | |
| Vigorous exercise (min/week) | 77.2 ± 121.5 | 52.3 ± 107.2 | 33.2 ± 94.5 | <0.01 | |
| LIFE’S SIMPLE 7 | |||||
| Smoking score (%) | <0.01 | ||||
| Poor | 0 | 0 | 100 | ||
| Intermediate | 0 | 13.8 | 0 | ||
| Ideal | 100 | 86.2 | 0 | ||
| Activity score (%) | <0.02 | ||||
| Poor | 1.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | ||
| Intermediate | 35.8 | 39.3 | 49.1 | ||
| Ideal | 62.7 | 57.9 | 48.1 | ||
| Diet score (%) | <0.01 | ||||
| Poor | 41.5 | 45.3 | 64.8 | ||
| Intermediate | 49.4 | 45.1 | 33.3 | ||
| Ideal | 9.1 | 9.6 | 1.9 | ||
| Weight score (%) | <0.01 | ||||
| Poor | 37.7 | 50.2 | 54.6 | ||
| Intermediate | 25.0 | 23.8 | 18.5 | ||
| Ideal | 37.3 | 26.0 | 26.9 | ||
| Blood glucose score (%) | <0.01 | ||||
| Poor | 2.9 | 5.8 | 4.6 | ||
| Intermediate | 33.8 | 40.4 | 36.1 | ||
| Ideal | 63.3 | 53.7 | 59.3 | ||
| Cholesterol score (%) | <0.01 | ||||
| Poor | 2.1 | 3.7 | 1.9 | ||
| Intermediate | 46.0 | 59.6 | 48.1 | ||
| Ideal | 51.9 | 36.7 | 50.0 | ||
| Blood pressure score (%) | <0.01 | ||||
| Poor | 4.8 | 9.4 | 6.5 | ||
| Intermediate | 49.8 | 59.3 | 51.9 | ||
| Ideal | 45.4 | 31.3 | 41.6 | ||
| LS7 Health Score | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | <0.01 | |
* Contains imputed data from Life’s Simple 7, Categorical variables are analyzed by Chi-Square test, Continuous variables are analyzed by ANOVA, Non-parametric variables were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test.