Table 1.
Baseline and post-intervention characteristics of the participants.
| Resveratrol | p | Energy Restriction | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 30 days | Baseline | 30 days | |||
| n = 24 | n = 24 | n = 24 | n = 24 | |||
| Variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age, y | 58.5 (3.4) | - | 58.6 (3.6) | - | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.6 (4.2) | 27.8 (4.4) | 0.370 | 25.8 (3.2) | 25.5 (3.2) | 0.083 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 96.8 (12.1) | 96.9 (11.4) | 0.457 | 94.2 (7.5) | 91.8 (7.1) | 0.011 |
| Hear rate, bpm | 64.6 (8.5) | 65.7 (8.2) | 0.269 | 62.5 (9.6) | 62.3 (10.5) | 0.902 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131.5 (15.5) | 129.0 (15.4) | 0.660 | 129.7 (15.6) | 124.2 (12.8) | 0.109 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81.2 (10.8) | 82.0 (9.2) | 0.612 | 82.9 (11.0) | 79.4 (9.9) | 0.070 |
| Biochemical characteristics | ||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 207.71 (33.43) | 217.58 (44.99) | 0.030 | 216.21 (44.28) | 202.67 (39.73) | 0.007 |
| HDL-c, mg/dL | 49.17 (13.85) | 48.17 (13.73) | 0.260 | 55.33 (18.52) | 52.00 (16.55) | 0.008 |
| LDL-c, mg/dL | 132.33 (26.68) | 139.54 (40.53) | 0.089 | 138.67 (36.81) | 130.29 (33.37) | 0.031 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 124.04 (66.39) | 148.63 (93.00) | 0.075 | 111.21 (63.09) | 102.00 (61.01) | 0.233 |
| Apoliproprotein A-I, g/L | 1.45 (0.21) | 1.44 (0.24) | 0.648 | 1.53 (0.27) | 1.43 (0.28) | 0.011 |
| Apolipoprotein B, g/L | 0.98 (0.24) | 1.04 (0.27) | 0.034 | 1.01 (0.26) | 0.95 (0.26) | 0.057 |
| Lp(a), mg/dL * | 10.87 (3.97–19.57) | 9.73 (3.06–16.40) | 0.688 | 11.95 (7.43–30.07) | 14.55 (8.98–27.47) | 0.463 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 96.04 (13.67) | 98.58 (14.26) | 0.153 | 93.63 (10.68) | 90.54 (5.89) | 0.119 |
| Insulin, µUI/mL | 8.23 (5.48) | 8.47 (5.42) | 0.593 | 6.71 (4.37) | 6.02 (3.14) | 0.428 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.06 (1.63) | 2.17 (1.75) | 0.422 | 1.59 (1.25) | 1.38 (0.75) | 0.307 |
| NEFA, mEq/dL | 0.25 (0.15) | 0.24 (0.10) | 0.732 | 0.30 (0.37) | 0.20 (0.17) | 0.222 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L * | 1.81 (0.94–2.34) | 1.46 (0.75–1.97) | 0.512 | 1.36 (0.94–1.92) | 1.18 (0.85–1.53) | 0.474 |
| Noradrenaline, pg/dL | 269.33 (119.82) | 223.58 (93.75) | 0.065 | 347.50 (160.16) | 253.64 (171.08) | 0.008 |
| Vascular reactivity | ||||||
| Baseline artery diameter, mm | 4.31 (0.65) | 4.29 (0.64) | 0.776 | 4.42 (0.91) | 4.43 (0.98) | 0.833 |
| ed-FMD, % | 3.26 (9.68) | 3.06 (5.04) | 0.940 | 3.41 (3.47) | 1.97 (6.40) | 0.395 |
| ei-NMD, % | 17.25 (8.21) | 16.71 (6.89) | 0.785 | 17.06 (6.14) | 19.0 (8.81) | 0.151 |
Data are presented in mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) depending on variable’s distribution. * Wilcoxon’s test was applied for non-parametric variables. ed-FMD—endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation. ei-NMD—endothelium-independent nitrate-mediated vasodilation.