Table 2.
Application of urine liquid biopsy in non-urological cancers.
| Study, Reference Number | Cancer Type | Early Stage, Advanced or Metastatic | No of Patients | Molecules Assessed | Methodology/Quantitative Analysis | Clinical Application of Urine Biopsy | Sensitivity in Urine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reckamp [37] | NSCLC | Advanced Stage | 63 | ctDNA for EGFR T790M mutation | ddPCR, NGS | Predictive response to Rociletinib (EGFR TKI) | 75% |
| Husain [104] | NSCLC | Advanced Stage | 8 | ctDNA for EGFR T790M mutation | ddPCR, NGS | Predictive response to Osimertinib (III generation EGFR TKI) | 86% |
| Wu [105] | NSCLC | Advanced Stage & Metastatic |
50 | TP53 and EGFR mutation | PCR, NGS | Detection of driver gene alterations | 60% |
| Liu [106] | NSCLC | Early stage | 74 | DNA methylation | Methylation specific PCR | Early detection after incidental finding of nodule on CT chest | 73% |
| Zhang [107] | Breast | Early stage | 200 | ctDNA for PIK3CA | ddPCR | Prognostic and predictive | 77% |
| Ritter [108] | Endometrial & Ovarian | Early stage | 10 | MiR-10b-5p | RT-qPCR, Human miRNA V21.0 microarray | Early detection | 50% |
| Kao [69] | Gastric | Early stage | 50 | MiR-21-5p | Quantitative stem loop RT- PCR | Predictive | NA |
| Iwasaki [70] | Gastric | Early stage | 197 | MiR-6807-5p MiR-6856-5p |
miRNeasy kit (Qiagen), miRNA microarray | Early detection and Prognostic |
63.4% |
| Su [41] | Colorectal | Advanced stage | 20 | cfDNA KRAS mutation | RT-PCR | Early detection | 95% |
NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; ddPCR: Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction; NGS: Next generation sequencing; RT-PCR: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; ctDNA: circulating tumor DNA.