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Plants respond to abiotic and biotic stresses through signal transduction pathways. An extracellular signal is perceived via receptors localized in membranes that lead to the activation of signal transduction pathways. The signal cascade (through second messengers, sensors, and kinases that activate a variety of TFs) results in the expression of multiple stress-responsive genes, which mediate stress tolerance and resistance, and restore the cellular and tissue homeostasis [6,18,25].
