Table 3.
Multiple Logistic Regression Models.
| Covariate | OS 1 Bullying |
OS 2 Unwanted Conversations |
OS 3 Sexual Images |
OS 4 Violent Images |
OS 5 Drugs & Alcohol |
OS 6 Photos Used Inappropriately |
OS 7 Stranger |
OS 8 Hate Groups |
At Least One Risky Event |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous and Dichotomous Predictors–OR (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Age (15 and older vs. 14) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) ** | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 1.5 (0.9–2.2) | 1.2 (0.8–2) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
| Gender (Female vs. Male) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) ** | 2 (1.4–2.9) ** | 2 (1.4–2.9) ** | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) ** | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 1.8 (0.9–3.9) | 1.6 (1–2.7) | 1.6 (1–2.5) | 2 (1.4–2.7) ** |
| Race (White vs. Non-White) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.5 (1–2.1) * | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
| Grades (B and lower vs. B+ and higher) | - | - | - | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) * | - | - | - | - | - |
| Kik Use (Yes vs. No) | 1.8 (0.9–3.9) | - | 1.9 (0.9–4) | - | 1.2 (0.5–3) | 3.1 (1.1–9.2) * | 1.6 (0.7–3.8) | 2.1 (0.9–4.9) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) |
| WhatsApp Use (Yes vs. No) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | - | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) |
| Telegram Use (Yes vs. No) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Chatting with strangers on social media (Any Frequency of Communication vs. Never/I don’t have a social media account) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) ** | 1.8 (1.2–2.9) * | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) * | 1.7 (1.2–2.6) * | 1.7 (1–3.1) | 4.5 (1.5–13.3) * | 2.1 (1.2–3.4) * | 1.8 (1–3.2) * | 2.3 (1.6–3.4) ** |
| Sharing Personal Information on Social Media (Any Frequency of Sharing vs. Never/I don’t have a social media account) | - | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | - | - | - | 1.7 (0.8–3.5) | 1.3 (0.8–2) | - | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
| Playing video games (Any Frequency of Use vs. Never) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | - | - |
| Chatting with strangers while playing video games (Any Frequency of Communication vs. Never/I don’t play video games) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) *,a | - | - |
| Having someone talk to you about online safety (continuous) | - | - | - | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | - | - | - | - | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| Social Media Use (continuous) | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) * | 1.07 (0.93–1.24) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) ** | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) | 1.11 (0.86–1.43) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.02 (0.86–1.22) | 1.16 (1.01–1.32) * |
| Categorical Predictors with 3+ Categories–Chi-Squared (df); p-Value | |||||||||
| Use Private Messaging Apps More than Texting (categorical) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Amount of followers known in person (categorical) | - | 3.52 (4); p = 0.474 |
3.14 (4); p = 0.534 |
7.24 (4); p = 0.124 |
5.57 (4); p = 0.216 |
- | - | 5.28 (4); p = 0.26 |
1.08 (4); p = 0.897 |
| Frequency that friends chat with strangers on social media (categorical) | - | 7.5 (3); p = 0.056 |
10.4 (3); p = 0.015 |
9.45 (3); p = 0.024 |
6.75 (3); p = 0.077 |
- | 6.83 (3); p = 0.078 |
10.7 (3); p = 0.014 |
11.8 (3); p = 0.008 |
| Having a trusted adult to ask for help with unsafe online situations (categorical) | 6.78 (3); p = 0.079 |
3.91 (3); p = 0.271 |
- | - | - | 4.35 (3); p = 0.226 |
- | - | - |
| Presence of parental controls on your computer (categorical) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Frequency that friends chat with strangers on social media | Pairwise Comparison of Marginal Linear Predictors (If Applicable)–OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
| “Never” vs. “I don’t know” | - | - | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | - | - | - | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) |
| “Sometimes” vs. “I don’t know” | - | - | 2.1 (1.3–3.3) ** | 1.5 (1–2.3) | - | - | - | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) ** |
| “Often” vs. “I don’t know” | - | - | 1.5 (0.9–2.7) | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) ** | - | - | - | 2.6 (1.3–5) * | 1.6 (1–2.7) |
| “Sometimes” vs. “Never” | - | - | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | - | - | - | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) | 2 (1.1–3.5) * |
| “Often” vs. “Never” | - | - | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 2 (1–4) | - | - | - | 2.4 (0.9–6.6) | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) |
| “Often” vs. “Sometimes” | - | - | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 1.5 (1–2.3) | - | - | - | 2.2 (1.3–3.7) * | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. OS 1, bullying or harassment by friends or acquaintances; OS 2, getting involved in unwanted conversations in a chat room, social networking site or on email; OS 3, coming across sexual images or content; OS 4, coming across images of violence; OS 5, someone trying to sell me drugs or alcohol; OS 6, someone using my photos in an inappropriate way; OS 7, a stranger trying to meet with me; OS 8, coming across hate groups trying to convince me of their views. a Two respondents differentially classified their video game use by stating they had never played video games, and yet they had chatted with strangers online. To ensure the validity of our analysis, we re-constructed the model for question 7-a stranger trying to meet with you, without these two respondents included, and found no change in significance to the reported results. Pairwise marginal linear predictors were only computed on categorical predictors with 3+ categories that had significant Chi-Squared tests. Blanks cells for continuous, dichotomous, and categorical predictors with 3+ categories indicate that this variable was not significant in the simple models and thus not included in the multiple model. Blank cells for pairwise comparison of marginal linear predictors indicate that this categorical predictor with 3+ categories did not have a significant Chi-Squared test value. 3.2.2. Online Contact Risk.