Table 1.

Anticoagulation effects of glucose-lowering agents.

Agent	Alterations in Coagulation-Fibrinolysis System
Metformin	tPA ↓[83]; platelet aggregation↓[84]; TF ↓[97]
Thiazolidinediones	fibrinogen↓; PAI-1↓[101] ; platelet aggregation↓[98]
Sulphonylureas	TF↓[102]
Insulin	platelet aggregation↓[18]; fibrinogen↑; PAI-1↑[103]
GLP-1RA	platelet aggregation↓[105]; NO↑[106]
SGLT-2i’s	NO↑[109]; PAI-1↓[110]

GLP-1RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SGLT-2i’s: sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator; TF: tissue factor; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; NO: nitric oxide.