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. 2021 May 28;22(11):5804. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115804

Table 4.

Selected autophagy activators under clinical investigation.

Autophagy Activator Chemical Structure Study Type References
Rapamycin graphic file with name ijms-22-05804-i020.jpg Clinical trials:
therapy of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in children, bladder cancer, HER2+ metastatic breast cancer, refractory solid tumors, NSCLC and pediatric relapsed or refractory tumors		 NCT04077515,
NCT02753309,
NCT04375813,
NCT04736589,
NCT02688881,
NCT04348292,
NCT02574728
Temsirolimus graphic file with name ijms-22-05804-i021.jpg Preclinical studies:
colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma or advanced solid tumors treatment
Clinical trials: advanced/metastatic malignancies, gynecological malignancies, rare tumors, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma or solid tumors therapy		 [194,195,196,197]
NCT01552434,
NCT01065662,
NCT01396408,
NCT02420613,
NCT01375829
Everolimus graphic file with name ijms-22-05804-i022.jpg Preclinical studies:
treatment of advanced papillary variant renal cell carcinoma, triple-negative breast cancer or advanced solid tumors
Clinical trials:
recurrent or progressive ependymoma in children, Hodgkin lymphoma, metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium, advanced gynecologic malignancies and breast cancers or recurrent low grade gliomas in young adults and pediatric patients		 [199,200,201]
NCT02155920,
NCT03697408,
NCT00805129,
NCT03154281,
NCT04485559
Metformin graphic file with name ijms-22-05804-i023.jpg Clinical trials:
breast cancer, colon cancer, thoracic neoplasm or prostate cancer therapy		 NCT04559308,
NCT04387630,
NCT01980823,
NCT04741204,
NCT03359681,
NCT03477162,
NCT02176161,
NCT02339168