Table 1.
Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the study population.
| Variable | Level of Difficulty | All | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
| Mean age | 36.4 | 49.6 | 59.5 | 58.1 | 42.4 |
| (95% confidence interval) | (32.6–40.1) | (43.3–55.9) | (52.7–66.3) | (46.1–70.1) | (40.0–44.8) |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Female | 49.8% | 53.6% | 53.3% | 51.0% | 51.2% |
| Male | 50.2% | 46.4% | 46.7% | 49.0% | 48.8% |
| Mean years of education | 9.0 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 8.1 |
| (95% CI) | (8.0–10.1) | (6.6–7.7) | (4.9–6.5) | (2.0–4.7) | (7.4–8.9) |
| Employment status (%) | |||||
| Not working | 24.1% | 30.4% | 53.8% | 92.2% | 29.4% |
| Public sector | 12.1% | 4.3% | 3.2% | – a | 8.9% |
| Private sector | 15.9% | 10.0% | 1.7% | 0.4% | 12.8% |
| Family business | 34.6% | 39.4% | 33.8% | 7.4% | 35.5% |
| Self-employed | 13.3% | 15.9% | 7.5% | 0% | 13.4% |
| Health insurance (%) | |||||
| Never | 29.1% | 27.4% | 22.6% | 11.3% | 27.8% |
| Previously, but not current insured | 14.6% | 13.5% | 8.8% | 7.0% | 13.7% |
| Currently insured | 56.3% | 59.1% | 68.5% | 81.7% | 58.5% |
| Mean household income preceding year (VND) | 78,494,620 | 65,219,281 | 43,268,667 | 43,204,582 | 71,281,508 |
| (95% confidence level) | (60,325,004–96,664,235) | (43,285,344–87,153,217) | (26,634,171–59,903,164) | (21,617,044–64,792,121) | (52,213,234–90,349,782) |
| Mean household size | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.1 |
| (95% CI) | (3.9–4.5) | (3.3–4.6) | (2.4–4.5) | (2.5–5.2) | (3.6–4.6) |
| Place of residence (%) | |||||
| Rural | 75.4% | 78.6% | 83.5% | 88.9% | 77.2% |
| Town | 6.1% | 9.0% | 7.8% | 3.5% | 7.0% |
| City | 18.5% | 12.4% | 8.7% | 7.6% | 15.8% |
| Province of residence (%) | |||||
| Hanoi | 4.8% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 2.4% | 3.6% |
| Ho Chi Minh city | 6.2% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 4.5% | 4.9% |
| Lang Son | 23.8% | 15.1% | 7.2% | 6.5% | 19.7% |
| Thai Binh | 21.2% | 23.2% | 32.0% | 27.4% | 22.8% |
| Quang Nam | 14.2% | 35.0% | 35.1% | 35.7% | 22.2% |
| Kon Tum | 1.9% | 2.1% | 4.1% | 1.6% | 2.1% |
| Dong Nai | 11.1% | 16.0% | 9.5% | 8.1% | 12.3% |
| Vinh Long | 16.8% | 4.1% | 8.2% | 13.8% | 12.4% |
| n (sample) | 1855 | 1450 | 545 | 117 | 3967 |
| N (population) | 39,372,355 | 18,427,113 | 5,167,318 | 980,755 | 63,947,541 |
Notes: a Rounded to nil. Average 2011 exchange rate was USD 1 = VND 20,587 (www.ozforex.com, accessed on 1 April 2014); Minimum and maximum values of age, education, household income and household size could be provided upon request.