Table 1.
Toxicological effects of dichlorvos in humans and animals.
| No. | Study Sample/ Sample Sources |
Concentration/ Volume of Dichlorvos |
Specific Statement | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zebrafish | 6, 19, 32 mg/L | Neuromuscular impairment arise from dichlorvos | [23] |
| 2 | Tilapia | 0.5 mg/L | Significant inhibition of brain and liver acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity | [24] |
| 3 | Drosophila | 775 mg/kg | Mortality increased with increased dichlorvos dose | [32] |
| 4 | Larval butterflies | 5–994 mg/L | Dichlorvos did not appear to affect life cycle of surviving caterpillars | [33] |
| 5 | Tor putitora | 12.964 mg/L | Exposure to dichlorvos induced significant drop in oxygen consumption | [34] |
| 6 | Loach | 4.56, 5.76, 7.12, 8.96, 11.20 μg/L | Decreased glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity of liver | [35] |
| 7 | Chicks | 6.51 mg/kg | Dichlorvos significantly reduced plasma and brain cholinesterase activity | [36] |
| 8 | Cyanobacteria | 261.16 μmol/L | Significantlydecreased chlorophyll content | [37] |
| 9 | Wistar rats | 0, 1, 2, 4 mg/kg | Decreased sperm motility | [25] |
| 10 | Rats | 6 mg/kg | Severe toxic manifestations in motor and memory functions | [26] |
| 11 | Primary rats | 10 μmol/L | Microglial activation and ultimately apoptotic cell death | [27] |
| 12 | Rats | 8 mg/kg | Decreased butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity | [28] |
| 13 | Rats | 1.8, 9 mg/kg | Acute exposure to dichlorvos led to nitro-oxidative stress in the brain | [38] |
| 14 | Wister rats | 1.8, 100 mg/kg | Decreased respiratory rate | [39] |
| 15 | Mice | 40 mg/kg | Exposure to dichlorvos led to neuronal damage | [40] |
| 16 | Albino rats | 50 mL dichlorvos/50 mL distilled water | Lungs and liver revealed moderate lymphocytic infiltration and hepatocytic steatosis after gradually exposed to dichlorvos | [41] |
| 17 | Human | Unknown | A woman died a day after ingesting dichlorvos | [29] |
| 18 | Human | Unknown | Dichlorvos known to inhibit plasma, erythrocyte, and brain AChE activity | [42] |
| 19 | Human | Unknown | An infant died after ingesting cake-like bait containing dichlorvos | [29] |
| 20 | Cells | 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100 mg/L | Toxic nuclear effects in human peripheral blood lymphocytes | [2] |
| 21 | Cells | 50–500 μmol/L | Cell death increasing accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential decrease | [21] |