Figure 2.

The autophagy processes. Autophagy is triggered by the mechanisms inactivating mTOR, and then autophagosome synthesis participates in the attachment of LC3-II to the membrane of the autophagosome and the production of vesicles that isolate cytoplasmic droplets with their double membrane. Proteolysis, which is the last step of autophagy, requires the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, resulting in the release of degraded content into the cytosol. AMBRA: activating molecule in Beclin1 regulated autophagy; ATGs: autophagy-related genes; LC3-I, II: light chain I, II; VPS: vacuolar protein sorting; ULK1: unc-51-like kinase 1; FIP200: FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa.