Table 2.

A summary of major challenges and key research directions.

Sector	Challenges and Key Research Directions
All	reducing the cost of developing, installing and using IoT solutions and systems, data security and privacy
Healthcare	low-energy or energy harvesting wearables, research-grade wearables, AI algorithms on healthcare devices (edge AI), more-accessible healthcare
Smart Homes	designing cheap and easy-to-use IoT devices, more customisable and intelligent IoT devices, smart energy management
Smart Buildings	semantic-aware and dynamics-aware indoor modeling, sensor data integration and exploitation, context-awareness
Smart Cities	integrating and sharing data from disparate sources, standardized smart city architectures, personalized modeling
Transportation	data-driven and self-adaptive decision making, generating IoT tracking & monitoring data and effective techniques to share it with travellers, traceable and transparent logistics, vaccine passports
Industrial IoT	virtual reality based remote work, digital twins