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. 2021 Jun 2;14(11):3019. doi: 10.3390/ma14113019

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Detection of autophagic vesicles by single FP-tagged light chain 3 (LC3) or LC3 interacting region (LIR) domain. When autophagy is induced, single green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged LC3 or LIR domains can change its distribution from whole cell area to autophagic vesicles displaying as bright green puncta. (a) Scheme of the GFP-LC3 before and after autophagy induction. (b) Scheme of the hydrophobic domain (HyD)-LIR-LC3 before and after autophagy induction. LIR: LC3-interacting region, HyD: hydrophobic domain.