Table 2.
FP-based autophagy biosensors and their applications to study neurodegenerative diseases.
| FP-Based Autophagy Biosensor type | Molecular Design | Detected Autophagy Types (and Stages) |
Biosensor Applications in Neurodegenerative Disease |
|---|---|---|---|
| FP-LC3 | EGFP-LC3 RFP-LC3 mCherry-LC3 YFP-LC3 HcRed-LC3 CFP-LC3 |
Macroautophagy (autophagosome) |
Huntingtin disease [68] Alzheimer’s disease [71,146,147,148,149] Parkinson’s disease [150,151,152,153] |
| HyD-LIR-GFP | HyD-LIR(Fy)-GFP HyD-LIR(TP)-GFP |
Macroautophagy (autophagosome) |
- |
| RFP-GFP-LC3 | mRFP-GFP-LC3 mCherry-EGFP-LC3 mTagRFP-mWasabi-LC3 mKate-SEP-LC3 |
Macroautophagy (autophagosome, autolysosome) |
Huntingtin disease [154,155,156] Alzheimer’s disease [73,157,158] Parkinson’s disease [159,160] |
| GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG | GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG | Macroautophagy (autophagosome, autolysosome) |
- |
| BFP-RFP-GFP-LC3 | mTagBFP2-mApple-SEP-LC3 | Macroautophagy (phagophore, autophagosome, fusion, autolysosome) |
Alzheimer’s disease [73] |
| pH-Lemon-LC3 | mTurquioise2- EYFP-LC3 |
Macroautophagy (autophagosome, autolysosome) |
- |
| mito-SRAI | mito-TOLLES-Ypet | Mitophagy (autophagosome, autolysosome) |
- |
| CMA sensor | KFERQ-PS-CFP2 KFERQ-PA-mCherry |
Chaperon-mediated autophagy | - |