Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the total sample and for patients with severe PC and/or PTSD symptoms, at six months post-mTBI.
| Variable | Total Population | No/Mild Symptoms 1 | Severe PC Symptoms, no PTSD 2 | Severe PC and PTSD Symptoms 3 | PTSD, no Severe PC Symptoms 4 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1566 | 1129 | 284 | 124 | 29 | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 53.0 (35.0–66.0) | 53.0 (34.0–67.0) | 56.0 (41.5–66.8) | 49.0 (32.0–59.8) | 47.0 (30.5–59.5) | 0.001 |
| Sex, male | 993 (63.4%) | 752 (66.6%) | 145 (51.1%) | 77 (62.1%) | 19 (65.5%) | <0.001 |
| Highest level of education | 0.017 | |||||
| Primary | 202 (12.9%) | 138 (12.2%) | 39 (13.7%) | 15 (12.1%) | 10 (34.5%) | |
| Secondary | 452 (28.9%) | 324 (28.7%) | 81 (28.5%) | 41 (33.1%) | 6 (20.7%) | |
| Post-high school training | 291 (18.6%) | 199 (17.6%) | 60 (21.1%) | 28 (22.6%) | 4 (13.8%) | |
| College/University | 473 (30.2%) | 363 (32.2%) | 73 (25.7%) | 30 (24.2%) | 7 (24.1%) | |
| NA | 148 (9.5%) | 105 (9.3%) | 31 (10.9%) | 10 (8.1%) | 2 (6.9%) | |
| Baseline employment | <0.001 | |||||
| Full-time employed | 626 (40.0%) | 460 (40.7%) | 108 (38.0%) | 51 (41.1%) | 7 (24.1%) | |
| Part-time employed | 195 (12.5%) | 124 (11.0%) | 42 (14.8%) | 20 (16.1%) | 9 (31.0%) | |
| Unemployed | 91 (5.8%) | 51 (4.5%) | 21 (7.4%) | 16 (12.9%) | 3 (10.3%) | |
| Student | 139 (8.9%) | 108 (9.6%) | 19 (6.7%) | 9 (7.3%) | 3 (10.3%) | |
| Homemaker | 22 (1.4%) | 8 (0.7%) | 10 (3.5%) | 2 (1.6%) | 2 (6.9%) | |
| Retired | 406 (25.9%) | 315 (27.9%) | 70 (24.6%) | 17 (13.7%) | 4 (13.8%) | |
| NA | 87 (5.6%) | 63 (5.6%) | 14 (4.9%) | 9 (7.3%) | 1 (3.4%) | |
| Care pathway | <0.001 | |||||
| ER | 555 (28.4%) | 346 (30.6%) | 58 (20.4%) | 33 (26.6%) | 7 (24.1%) | |
| Hospital ward | 752 (48.0%) | 556 (49.2%) | 121 (42.6%) | 61 (49.2%) | 14 (48.3%) | |
| ICU | 370 (23.6%) | 227 (20.1%) | 105 (37.0%) | 30 (24.2%) | 8 (27.6%) | |
| Pre-injury psychiatric condition | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 190 (12.1%) | 100 (8.9%) | 49 (17.3%) | 32 (25.8%) | 9 (31.0%) | |
| No | 1369 (87.4%) | 1025 (90.8%) | 233 (82.0%) | 91 (73.4%) | 20 (69.0%) | |
| NA | 7 (0.4%) | 4 (0.4%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| ISS, median (IQR) | 10.0 (5.0–18.0) | 9.0 (5.0–17.0) | 13.0 (9.0–25.0) | 9.0 (4.0–18.0) | 11.0 (7.0–17.5) | <0.001 |
| 6-month outcomes | ||||||
| Full recovery (GOSE = 8) | 745 (47.6%) | 679 (60.1%) | 38 (13.4%) | 20 (16.1%) | 8 (27.6%) | <0.001 |
| RPQ total score, median (IQR) | 6.0 (0.0–16.0) | 2.0 (0.0–7.0) | 25.0 (19.0–29.8) | 34.0 (24.0–42.0) | 8.0 (2.5–13.0) | <0.001 |
| PCL-5 total score, median (IQR) | 7.0 (2.0–16.0) | 4.0 (1.0–9.0) | 16.3 (10.0–23.0) | 45.5 (37.0–53.0) | 42.5 (35.0–47.5) | <0.001 |
1 No/mild symptoms: RPQ < 16 and PCL-5 < 33. 2 Severe PC symptoms, no PTSD: RPQ ≥ 16 and PCL-5 < 33. 3 Severe PC and PTSD symptoms: RPQ ≥ 16 and PCL-5 ≥ 33. 4 PTSD, no severe PC symptoms: RPQ < 16 and PCL-5 ≥ 33. Abbreviations: PC = post-concussion, PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder, mTBI = mild traumatic brain injury, SD = standard deviation, IQR = interquartile range, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ISS = Injury Severity Score, NA = not available.