Table 13.

Insecticide detection based on optical sensors with the lowest LOD.

Optical Method	Insecticides	Materials	LOD	References
Fluorescence	Dichlorvos	CdTeQDs-AChE	0.0021 nM	[134]
Colorimetric	Sarin	lipoic acid-AuNPs-AChE	0.0282 nM	[246]
SERS	Imidacloprid	AgNPs	0.1100 nM	[287]
SPR	Carbofuran	P(EGDMA-MATrp)	0.0320 nM	[234]
Chemiluminescence	Acetamiprid	AuNPs	0.0620 nM	[280]

where LOD is limit of detection. Al₂O₃: aluminum oxide, AChE: acetylcholinesterase, AgNPs: silver nanoparticles, AuNPs: gold nanoparticles, CdTeQDs: cadmium telurrite quantum dots, P(EGDMA-MATrp): ethylene glycol dimetacrylate-N-metacryloyl-(l)-tryptophan methyl ester-p, SERS: surface enhanced Raman scattering, SPR: surface plasmon resonance.