Table 1.
Mean composition of the diets assigned per protocol and the diets followed in the four groups of participants in the dietary intervention study.
| Low LCn3&PP (n = 20) | High LCn3 (n = 19) | High PP (n = 20) | High LCn3&PP (n = 19) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assigned 1 | Followed 2 | Assigned 1 | Followed 2 | Assigned 1 | Followed 2 | Assigned 1 | Followed 2 | |
| Total Energy (kcal) | 2524 ± 366 | 2345 ± 472 | 2718 ± 283 | 2602 ± 248 | 2622 ± 456 | 2539 ± 459 | 2507 ± 452 | 2407 ± 471 |
| Proteins (E%) | 15.7 ± 0.0 | 16.0 ± 1.2 | 15.7 ± 0.0 | 15.9 ± 0.6 | 15.7 ± 0.0 | 15.8 ± 0.5 | 15.7 ± 0.0 | 15.8 ± 0.6 |
| Total fat (E%) | 33.6 ± 0.0 | 32.5 ± 1.7 | 33.6 ± 0.0 | 33.2 ± 1.9 | 33.6 ± 0-0 | 33.9 ± 1.4 | 33.6 ± 0.0 | 33.8 ± 1.5 |
| Saturated fat (E%) | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 0.0 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.0 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | 7.4 ± 0.5 |
| MUFA (E%) | 21.0 ± 0.2 | 20.0 ± 1.6 | 19.9 ± 0.2 | 19.4 ± 1.5 | 19.2 ± 0.3 | 19.3 ± 1.1 | 18.6 ± 0.4 | 18.8 ± 1.0 |
| PUFA n-6 (E%) | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.0 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.2 |
| PUFA n-3 (E%) | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 * | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 * |
| EPA (E%) | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.06 * | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.06 * |
| DHA (E%) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.53 ± 0.08 * | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.08 * |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 191 ± 3 | 184 ± 27 | 195 ± 1 | 192 ± 32 | 178 ± 6 | 187 ± 16 | 198 ± 8 | 197 ± 24 |
| Total CHO (E%) | 50.7 ± 0.0 | 51.5 ± 1.0 | 50.7 ± 0.0 | 50.9 ± 1.9 | 50.7 ± 0.0 | 50.4 ± 1.4 | 50.7 ± 0.0 | 50.3 ± 1.9 |
| Fiber (g) | 28.7 ± 0.2 | 26.8 ± 4.4 | 28.4 ± 0.2 | 27.8 ± 3.9 | 29.0 ± 0.9 | 27.5 ± 2.2 | 28.4 ± 0.3 | 27.2 ± 2.8 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 279 ± 0.0 | 261 ± 24 | 284 ± 0.0 | 256 ± 38 | 279 ± 0.0 | 256 ± 21 | 275 ± 0.0 | 257 ± 24 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 17.3 ± 2.0 | 15.8 ± 3.2 | 18.1 ± 1.5 | 17.5 ± 2.2 | 18.7 ± 2.5 | 18.0 ± 2.7 | 18.6 ± 3.0 | 17.7 ± 3.0 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 2.54 ± 0.20 | 1.83 ± 0.71 | 9.96 ± 1.68 | 13.98 ± 1.81 * | 2.36 ± 0.46 | 2.01 ± 0.64 | 10.82 ± 1.93 | 10.26 ± 2.17 * |
| Polyphenols (mg) | 365 ± 3 | 336 ± 79 | 363 ± 2 | 377 ± 55 | 2903 ± 19 | 2776 ± 234 § | 2861 ± 42 | 2667 ± 400 § |
All values are means ± SDs. Comparisons between Assigned and Followed diets were not statistically significant (t-test, p value > 0.05 for all dietary components). * Significantly different from the Low LCn3&PP and High PP groups, p < 0.0001 (ANOVA and least significant difference post-hoc test). § Significantly different from the Low LCn3&PP and High LCn3 groups, p < 0.0001 (ANOVA and least-significant-difference post-hoc test). LCn3, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; PP: Polyphenols; E%, percent of total energy intake; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; CHO, carbohydrate. 1 Data for Assigned diets include the changes made in different visits during the trial to keep body weight stable. 2 Data for Followed diets were calculated from the 7-day food records at weeks 4 and 8.