Table 3.

Outcomes of insulin users and matched nonusers after excluding persons with hypoglycemia

Outcomes	Non-insulin users (n = 4026)			Insulin users (n = 1940)			Crude HR (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted HRa (95% CI)	p value
	Events	PY	IR	Events	PY	IR
All-cause mortality	951	23,577	4.03	575	11,131	5.17	1.32 (1.19˗1.47)	< 0.0001	1.30 (1.17˗1.44)	< 0.0001
HCC	682	22,041	3.09	386	10,219	3.78	1.21 (1.07˗1.37)	0.003	1.22 (1.08˗1.39)	0.002
MACE	490	21,816	2.25	303	10,152	2.98	1.33 (1.15˗1.54)	< 0.0001	1.37 (1.19˗1.58)	< 0.0001
Stroke	289	22,616	1.28	165	10,620	1.55	1.23 (1.01˗1.48)	0.04	1.25 (1.04˗1.53)	0.02
Ischemic heart disease	188	22,819	0.82	111	10,727	1.03	1.25 (0.99˗1.59)	0.06	1.32 (1.04˗1.68)	0.02
Heart failure	118	23,187	0.51	112	10,841	1.03	2.04 (1.57˗2.64)	< 0.0001	2.12 (1.63˗2.75)	< 0.0001
Decompensated cirrhosis	626	22,411	2.79	432	10,219	4.23	1.50 (1.33˗1.69)	< 0.0001	1.52 (1.34˗1.72)	< 0.0001
Esophageal varicose	41	23,488	0.17	37	11,034	0.34	1.86 (1.20˗2.91)	0.006	1.86 (1.19˗1.92)	0.007
Hepatic ascites	395	22,915	1.72	298	10,518	2.83	1.62 (1.40˗1.89)	< 0.0001	1.65 (1.42˗1.92)	< 0.0001
Hepatic encephalopathy	339	23,105	1.47	265	10,672	2.48	1.67 (1.52˗1.96)	< 0.0001	1.67 (1.42˗1.97)	< 0.0001
Jaundice	101	23,355	0.43	44	11,027	0.40	0.91 (0.64˗1.30)	0.61	0.95 (0.66˗1.36)	0.78
Hepatic failure	481	22,891	2.10	362	10,528	3.44	1.62 (1.42˗1.87)	< 0.0001	1.63 (1.42˗1.88)	< 0.0001

PY, person-years; IR, incidence rate, per 100 person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; MACE, major adverse cardiac event, including stroke, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure

^aAdjusted for age, sex, index year, DM age, DM duration (years), antihypertensive drugs (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, diuretics, other antihypertensive), antidiabetic drugs (metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, TZD, α-glucosidase inhibitor, DPP-4 inhibitors), statins, and aspirin, CIC index (0, 1, ≥ 2), DCSI score (0, 1, ≥ 2), HBV and HCV