Table 6.
EVs as potential biomarkers in gastrointestinal cancer.
| Biomarker Types | Specific Markers | Tumour | Expression | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNAs | miR-486-5p | CRC | Upregulated | [129] |
| miR-21 |
CRC PC HCC |
Upregulated Upregulated Upregulated |
[130] [131,132,133] [134] |
|
| miR-27a-3p | CRC | Upregulated | [135] | |
| miR-27b-3p |
CRC EAC |
Upregulated Downregulated |
[135] [122] |
|
| miR-222-3p | CRC | Upregulated | [135] | |
| miR-31 | CRC | Upregulated | [136] | |
| miR-145-3p | CRC | Upregulated | [131] | |
| Let-7a | PC CRC |
Downregulated Upregulated |
[133] [130] |
|
| miR-192-5p | EAC | Upregulated | [122] | |
| miR-223 | CRC EAC |
Upregulated Upregulated |
[130] [122] |
|
| miR-223-3p | ESCC EAC |
Downregulated Upregulated |
[121] [122] |
|
| miR-223-5p | EAC | Upregulated | [122] | |
| miR-1246 | ESCC CRC PC |
Upregulated Upregulated Upregulated |
[120] [130] [137,138] |
|
| miR-106a | ESCC | Upregulated | [121] | |
| miR-18 | PC | Upregulated | [133] | |
| miR-18a | ESCC | Upregulated | [121] | |
| miR-20b | ESCC | Downregulated | [121] | |
| miR-584 | ESCC | Upregulated | [121] | |
| miR-126-5p | EAC | Upregulated | [122] | |
| miR-146a-5p | EAC | Upregulated | [122] | |
| miR-196 | PC | Upregulated | [138] | |
| miR-196b-5p | EAC | Upregulated | [122] | |
| miR-409-3p | EAC | Upregulated | [122] | |
| miR-483-5p | EAC | Upregulated | [122] | |
| miR-22-3p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-23a | CRC | Upregulated | [130] | |
| miR-23a-3p | CRC | Upregulated | [135] | |
| miR-23b | GC | Downregulated | [139] | |
| miR-23b-3p | CRC | Upregulated | [135] | |
| miR-23b-5p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-149-5p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-203-5p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-224-5p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-452-5p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-671-3p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-944-5p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-1201-5p | EAC | Downregulated | [122] | |
| miR-423-5p | GC | Upregulated | [122] | |
| miR-139-3p | CRC | Upregulated | [140] | |
| miR-30b-5p | CRC | Upregulated | [135] | |
| miR-30c | PC | Upregulated | [133] | |
| miR-30c-5p | CRC | Upregulated | [135] | |
| miR-17-5p | PC | Upregulated | [132] | |
| miR-150 | CRC | Upregulated | [130] | |
| miR-150-5p | CRC | Downregulated | [141] | |
| miR-10b | PC | Upregulated | [133] | |
| miR-10b-5p | GC | Upregulated | [142] | |
| miR-101-3p | GC | Upregulated | [142] | |
| miR-143-5p | GC | Upregulated | [142] | |
| miR-29 | GC | Downregulated | [143] | |
| miR-29a-3p | GC | Downregulated | [143] | |
| miR-29b-3p | GC | Downregulated | [143] | |
| miR-29c-3p | GC | Downregulated | [143] | |
| miR-16-5p | CRC | Upregulated | [135] | |
| miR-1229 | CRC | Upregulated | [130] | |
| miR-6803-5p | CRC | Upregulated | [144] | |
| miR-125a-3p | CRC | Upregulated | [145] | |
| miR-155 | PC | Downregulated | [132] | |
| miR-4644 | PC | Upregulated | [137] | |
| miR-122 | PC | Downregulated | [133] | |
| miR-191 | PC/IPMN | Upregulated | [146] | |
| miR-451a | PC/IPMN | Upregulated | [146] | |
| miR-212 | HBV-related HCC | Upregulated | [147] | |
| miR-15b-5p | HCC | Upregulated | [148] | |
| miR-338-5p | HCC | Upregulated | [148] | |
| miR-764 | HCC | Upregulated | [148] | |
| mRNAs | ARF6 | PC | Upregulated | [149] |
| Vav3 | PC | Upregulated | [149] | |
| WASF2 | PC | Upregulated | [149] | |
| Proteins | EpCAM | HCC/Colangiocarcinoma | Overexpressed | [36] |
| Stathmin 1 | ESCC | Overexpressed | [127] | |
| CD147 | CRC HCC/Colangiocarcinoma |
Overexpressed Overexpressed |
[150] [36] |
|
| Hsp60 | CRC | Overexpressed | [151] | |
| Glypican-1 (GPC1) | CRC | Overexpressed | [140] | |
| CopineIII (CPNE3) | CRC | Overexpressed | [35] | |
| CEACAMs | PC | Overexpressed | [152] | |
| Tenascin C | PC | Overexpressed | [152] | |
| Glypcan-1 (GCP-1) | PC | Overexpressed | [134] | |
| ZIP-4 | PC | Overexpressed | [153] | |
| AnnexinV | HCC/Colangiocarcinoma | Overexpressed | [36] | |
| lncRNAs | lncUEGC1 | GC | Upregulated | [154] |
| HOTTIP | GC CRC |
Upregulated Downregulated |
[155] [156] |
|
| lncRNAGC1 | GC | Upregulated | [157] | |
| UCA1 | CRC | Downregulated | [158] | |
| GAS5 | CRC | Downregulated | [159] | |
| CCAT2 | CRC | Upregulated | [160] | |
| RPPH1 | CRC | Upregulated | [161] | |
| CRNDEh | CRC | Upregulated | [132] | |
| LNCV6_116109 | CRC | Upregulated | [162] | |
| LNCV6_98390 | CRC | Upregulated | [162] | |
| LNCV6_38772 | CRC | Upregulated | [162] | |
| LNCV_108266 | CRC | Upregulated | [162] | |
| LNCV6_84003 | CRC | Upregulated | [162] | |
| LNCV6_98602 | CRC | Upregulated | [162] | |
| GPR89B | HCC | Upregulated | [163] | |
| FAM72D-3 | HCC | Upregulated | [163] | |
| EPC1-4 | HCC | Downregulated | [163] | |
| ZEB2-19 | HCC | Downregulated | [163] |
CRC: Colorectal Cancer, PC: Pancreatic Cancer, IPMN: Intraductal Mucinous Papillary Neoplasm, HCC: Hepatocellular Carcinoma, EAC: Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, ESCC: Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, GC: Gastric Cancer.