Table 3.
Studies exploring the detection and characterization of CTC by different techniques in pleural effusions.
| Name of the CTC Line | Primary Tumor | Technique for CTCs Isolation/Enrichment/Detection/Characterization | Major Findings/Basic Characterization | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not mentioned | Non-small cell lung cancer | CD45 depletion, and EpCAM and CD45 immunostaining | CD45− EpCAM− CK+ CTCs were identified in PEs with CTCs detected in matched peripheral blood | [108] |
| SCLC26A | Pancreatic cancer | Not mentioned | CTC had no expression of CHI3L1 and lower expression of tyrosine kinase receptors | [109] |
| SCLC26A | Pancreatic cancer | Not mentioned | CTCs were sensitive to camptothecin analogues | [110] |
| SCLC26A | Pancreatic cancer | Not mentioned | High expression of E-cadherin consistent with a mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Low expression of stem cell markers, which hamper the epithelial phenotype |
[111] |
| Not mentioned | Benign, malignant epithelial, and non-epithelial cancers | Anti-EpCAM capture and CELLSEARCH® | More studies are needed to implement pleural CELLSEARCH. It could be useful in addition to traditional cytology |
[112] |
| Not mentioned | Malignant mesothelioma | Variation of CELLSEARCH® for CTC enumeration based on the detection of MCAM | MCAM+ cells are malignant. Thus, they can help to identify malignancy in PE | [113] |
| Not mentioned | Pancreatic cancer | Anti-EpCAM capture and iFISH | CTCs were non-hematopoietic (CD45−) and polyploid | [114] |
| Not mentioned | Lung cancer | Identification of CTC by using a fluorescent glucose analog (2-NBDG) by high-throughput screening. Confirmation of CTC by single-cell sequencing | Most CTCs share the same oncogenic mutations as the primary tumors where they come from. Detection of emerging secondary mutations responsible for drug resistance before the manifestation of resistance. The reported method can complement traditional cytology for MPE diagnosis |
[115] |
| Not mentioned | Lung and liver cancer | Mitochondria-targeting bioprobe with aggregation-induced emission activity. CTC characterization by single-cell sequencing | With this method of detection of CTCs there is less cell disruption; thus downstream single-cell sequencing gets less affected than using traditional cytokeratin markers | [116] |
| Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Antigen-independent subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-FISH (SE-iFISH) | Aneuploid circulating rare cells can be detected using the methodology described | [117] |
Abbreviations: CHI3L1: chitinase 3 Like 1; CTC: circulating tumor cells; CK: cytokeratin; EpCAM: epithelial cell adhesion molecule; iFISH: immunostaining fluorescent in situ hybridization; MCAM: melanoma cell adhesion molecule; SE: subtraction enrichment.