Table 3.
Drug-loaded nanocarriers tagged with various mitochondriophilic ligands, inducing different mitochondrial functional irregularities
| Nanocarrier | Nanocarrier properties (size, potential, usage | Targeting moiety liganded | Drug loaded | Mitochondrial induction site | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes (TPGS) | 64 nm, −0.54 mV, MCF7- and ADR-bearing nude mice | DQA | Topotecan | Δ decrease, cytochrome c (cyt c) release–mediated apoptosis | 230 |
| 84 nm, 1.93 mV, A549 and A549/CDDP | TPP | Ptx | cytochrome c (cyt c) release–induced apoptosis | 231 | |
| Graphene oxide | 200 nm, −37.6mV, HepG cell- and HepG-bearing nude mice | Glycyrrhetinic acid | Dox | Caspase 3-, 7-, 9-mediated apoptosis | 232 |
| 100–400 nm, positive charge, U87MG and MCF7 cells | Positively charged NPs | PheoA | Δ decrease, apoptosis | 233 | |
| Poly(ε-caprolactone) | 50 nm, 40 mV, HeLa and HepG2 cells | TPP | Dox and Dox–HCl | Apoptosis | 234 |
| Chitosan–stearic acid micelles | 63.5 nm, 22.1 mV, MCF and A549, MCF tumor–bearing nude mice | TPP-PEG | Celastrol | ROS generation, cytochrome c (cyt c) release–mediated apoptosis | 235 |
| DQAsomes and DQA80s | 208 nm, 56.3 mV and 203 nm, 60.2mV, U373-MG, HeLa cells | DQA | DQAsomes | Membrane destabilization, MAPK signal activation, ROS generation, apoptosis | 236 |
| DQA80plexes | 444 nm, 17.1mV, HeLa cells | DQA | pDNA | Δψ decrease because of DQAsomes | 237 |
| TPP–coumarin NPs | 20 nm, −17.5 mV, HeLa, HCT116, A549, COV434 | TPP | Dox | Mitochondrial dysfunction | 238 |
| D-α-tocopheryl PEG succinateCQDs | 101.4 nm, 21.04 mV, MCF7 and MCF7/ADR | TPP | Dox | Δψ decrease, apoptosis | 239 |
| Peptide polyoxometalate NPs | 60 nm, −13.2 mV, MCF7 cells | Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 | — | Mitophagy-induced cell death | 240 |
| Peptide nanofibers | 46 nm, negative, HeLa and U87MG | DDDK peptide | Dox | ENTK enzyme–targeted cell death | 241 |
| DSPE-PEG micelles | 163, 186, 168 nm, HeLa cells | α-TOS | α-TOS-Dox, α-TOS-clsPt, α-TOS-Ptx | cytochrome c (cyt c) release–led apoptosis, DNA and tubulin damage | 242 |
| PLGA-β-PEG NPs | 65–75 nm, 24–34 mV, MCF and HeLa cells | TPP | ZnPC | Early-stage apoptosis | 173 |
| TPP–lonidamine PEG micelles | 110 nm, 0.7 mV, MCF and MCF7/ADR, MCF7-bearing nude mice | TPP | Dox | Membrane-potential decrease, ROS generation, caspase 3-, 9-activated apoptosis | 243 |
| AuNPs | 40 nm, −16.2 mV, MDA-MB468, HCC1937 TNBC | SM9 | SM9 | Rad6 inhibition–induced apoptosis | 244 |
| PAMAM dendrimer | 6–12 nm, 14–53 mV, A5494 cells | TPP–-PEG | TPP | — | 245 |
| TPP–Dox–hyaluronic acid NPs | 192 nm, −28.8 mV, MCF7/ADR cells and MCF7/ADR tumor–bearing mice | TPP | Dox | Apoptosis | 246 |