Table 2.
Copper virucidal potential against coronavirus
| Virus name | Outcome after Cu exposure | References |
|---|---|---|
| Pathogenic Human coronavirus (HUCoV-22qE) | Inactivated on copper alloys <40 min, <120 min on Cu/Zn brasses | Warnes et al., 2015 [94][94] |
| SARS-CoV-1 | Copper ions blocked the activity of papain-like protease-2, crucial for viral replication |
Báez-Santos et al., 2015 [111],[116] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Survived not more than 4 h on copper surfaces as compared to other cardboard (24 h), stainless steel (≅48 h) and plastic surfaces (≅72 h) |
Van Doremalen et al., 2020 [113],[119] |
| SARS-CoV-1 | Survived no more than 8 h on copper surfaces as compared to plastic, cardboard, and stainless steel surfaces | Van Doremalen et al., 2020 [113],[119] |
| SARS-CoV | Survived for 5-20 min on Cu/Al2O3 surfaces | Han et al., 2005 [114],[117] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | The inactivation efficiency was 96% and 99.2% for the as-deposited copper coating after a 2-hr and 5-hr incubation time | Hutasoit et al., 2020 [115],[121] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Infection was reduced by 71%, 77%, and 78% with 25, 50, and 100 μM of copper gluconate in Vero-E6 cells | Rodriguez et al., 2020 [116],[118] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Inactivation was more than 99% in 2 h after exposure to copper produced by Luminore CopperTouch technology | Mantlo et al., 2020 [117],[122] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | The masks impregnated with copper-oxide microparticles decreased SARS-CoV-2 infection by more than 99.9% within 1 min | Borkow et al., 2020 [118],[123] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Coating of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) particles bound with polyurethane significantly reduced infectious titer by about 99.9% in 1 h | Behzadinasab et al., 2020 [119],[124] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Cu showed >99% viral inactivation at 1 and 10 min of exposure | Pezzotti et al., 2020 [120],[125] |