Table 8.

Checks for response bias

		Control		Gain-framed altruistic		Loss-framed altruistic		Selfish		Selfish and altruistic		Simple
		Analysis	Other	Analysis	Other	Analysis	Other	Analysis	Other	Analysis	Other	Analysis	Other
	N =	704	184	717	179	697	186	725	194	684	184	714	184
Age	Mean	46.73	41.14	46.29	41.34	46.68	40.82	45.96	42.75	46.70	42.60	46.45	41.97
	S.D	[13.62]	[13.34]	[13.53]	[13.85]	[13.48]	[13.91]	[13.76]	[14.03]	[13.87]	[13.79]	[13.92]	[12.96]
Female dummy	Mean	0.49	0.60	0.50	0.59	0.50	0.53	0.50	0.61	0.52	0.51	0.49	0.58
	S.D	[0.50]	[0.49]	[0.50]	[0.49]	[0.50]	[0.50]	[0.50]	[0.49]	[0.50]	[0.50]	[0.50]	[0.49]
Educational year	Mean	14.58	14.47	14.60	14.36	14.67	14.48	14.63	14.39	14.66	14.32	14.73	14.40
	S.D	[2.09]	[2.13]	[2.05]	[2.03]	[1.97]	[2.05]	[2.03]	[2.06]	[2.06]	[2.08]	[2.06]	[1.95]
Married dummy	Mean	0.57	0.54	0.59	0.59	0.60	0.55	0.56	0.53	0.57	0.60	0.55	0.51
	S.D	[0.49]	[0.50]	[0.49]	[0.49]	[0.49]	[0.50]	[0.50]	[0.50]	[0.49]	[0.49]	[0.50]	[0.50]
Annual household income	Mean	606.16	598.98	622.92	600.92	611.07	578.99	631.46	547.06	627.84	633.72	628.98	555.86
(Unit: 10 thousand yen)	S.D	[344.90]	[369.76]	[378.02]	[358.47]	[359.44]	[286.01]	[373.06]	[324.75]	[343.79]	[306.14]	[376.24]	[308.08]
No income information dummy	Mean	0.19	0.24	0.16	0.17	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.15	0.19	0.22	0.17	0.20
	S.D	[0.39]	[0.43]	[0.37]	[0.37]	[0.39]	[0.39]	[0.39]	[0.36]	[0.39]	[0.42]	[0.38]	[0.40]
Altruism	Mean	2.85	2.88	2.88	2.84	2.92	3.02	2.83	2.97	2.92	2.86	2.93	2.91
	S.D	[0.99]	[0.98]	[1.01]	[1.01]	[1.01]	[0.95]	[1.03]	[1.05]	[1.01]	[1.05]	[1.00]	[0.97]
Trust	Mean	2.20	2.10	2.14	2.08	2.15	2.03	2.18	2.10	2.26	2.18	2.21	2.08
	S.D	[1.00]	[0.97]	[0.94]	[1.05]	[0.99]	[0.94]	[0.97]	[0.99]	[1.03]	[0.94]	[0.97]	[0.98]
Positive reciprocity	Mean	4.00	4.05	4.01	4.18	4.05	4.14	4.06	4.10	4.08	4.05	4.04	3.95
	S.D	[0.74]	[0.74]	[0.78]	[0.77]	[0.74]	[0.76]	[0.72]	[0.88]	[0.74]	[0.80]	[0.73]	[0.75]
Negative reciprocity (self)	Mean	3.10	3.05	3.04	3.08	3.12	3.13	3.05	2.97	3.04	3.13	3.03	3.05
	S.D	[0.99]	[1.00]	[0.98]	[1.10]	[0.97]	[1.03]	[1.00]	[1.17]	[1.04]	[1.09]	[1.01]	[1.11]
Negative reciprocity (other)	Mean	3.09	3.13	3.01	2.97	3.06	3.05	3.07	2.99	3.04	3.08	3.04	2.92
	S.D	[0.86]	[0.88]	[0.90]	[0.94]	[0.90]	[0.98]	[0.91]	[0.99]	[0.92]	[0.98]	[0.92]	[0.93]

Notes “Analysis” is the analysis sample of those who provided valid responses in all four survey waves, while “Other” is the other sample of those who did not. Altruism, Trust, Positive Reciprocity, Negative Reciprocity (self), and Negative Reciprocity (other) are the 5-point scale responses to the following questions: “I am willing to give to good causes without expecting anything in return (Altruism),” “I assume that people have only the best intentions (Trust),” “When someone does me a favor, I am willing to return it (Positive Reciprocity),” “I am willing to punish someone who treats you unfairly, even if there may be costs for you (Negative Reciprocity, self),” and “I am willing to punish someone who treats others unfairly, even if there may be costs for you (Negative Reciprocity, other)”