Table 9.

Message effects on alternative contact-avoidance behavior INDEXES

Method: fixed effects estimation	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Dependent variable:	Original INDEX			INDEX ver.2			INDEX ver.3			INDEX ver.4
Contact-avoidance behavior INDEX	(The Cronbach’s coefficient alpha is 0.6823)			(The Cronbach’s coefficient alpha is 0.7094)			(The Cronbach’s coefficient alpha is 0.8188)			(The Cronbach’s coefficient alpha is 0.9137)
	Full-sample	Sub-sample A	Sub-sample B	Full-sample	Sub-sample A	Sub-sample B	Full-sample	Sub-sample A	Sub-sample B	Full-sample	Sub-sample A	Sub-sample B
Wave2	0.057**	− 0.097***	0.214***	0.065***	− 0.077***	0.210***	0.006	− 0.066**	0.079**	− 0.016	− 0.067**	0.036
	(0.024)	(0.026)	(0.039)	(0.024)	(0.026)	(0.040)	(0.024)	(0.026)	(0.040)	(0.024)	(0.026)	(0.041)
Wave2 × Gain-framed altruistic	0.071**	0.007	0.133**	0.078**	0.001	0.152**	0.072**	0.010	0.134**	0.072**	0.024	0.120*
	(0.036)	(0.034)	(0.060)	(0.036)	(0.033)	(0.062)	(0.036)	(0.033)	(0.063)	(0.036)	(0.032)	(0.064)
Wave2 × Loss-framed altruistic	0.029	0.006	0.053	0.023	0.001	0.048	0.036	0.005	0.069	0.025	0.009	0.042
	(0.033)	(0.034)	(0.053)	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.055)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.054)	(0.032)	(0.033)	(0.055)
Wave2 × Selfish	0.012	0.039	− 0.025	0.017	0.035	− 0.011	0.018	0.021	0.010	0.015	0.020	0.006
	(0.031)	(0.033)	(0.051)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.053)	(0.031)	(0.032)	(0.052)	(0.031)	(0.032)	(0.053)
Wave2 × Selfish and altruistic	0.033	0.054*	0.009	0.033	0.046	0.017	0.033	0.037	0.026	0.038	0.048*	0.026
	(0.033)	(0.029)	(0.057)	(0.033)	(0.028)	(0.059)	(0.033)	(0.027)	(0.059)	(0.033)	(0.027)	(0.060)
Wave2 × Simple	− 0.008	− 0.011	0.002	0.004	− 0.008	0.022	0.002	− 0.019	0.028	0.012	− 0.010	0.037
	(0.035)	(0.039)	(0.056)	(0.035)	(0.039)	(0.057)	(0.035)	(0.038)	(0.058)	(0.035)	(0.039)	(0.059)
Wave3	− 0.193***	− 0.282***	− 0.102***	− 0.188***	− 0.245***	− 0.130***	− 0.157***	− 0.169***	− 0.145***	− 0.131***	− 0.126***	− 0.135***
	(0.023)	(0.024)	(0.039)	(0.023)	(0.024)	(0.040)	(0.022)	(0.021)	(0.039)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.039)
Wave3 × Gain-framed altruistic	0.036	0.014	0.057	0.040	− 0.011	0.090	0.036	− 0.008	0.081	0.049	0.002	0.097
	(0.036)	(0.038)	(0.061)	(0.037)	(0.038)	(0.063)	(0.036)	(0.034)	(0.064)	(0.036)	(0.032)	(0.065)
Wave3 × Loss-framed altruistic	0.015	− 0.016	0.048	0.012	− 0.030	0.055	0.022	− 0.024	0.069	0.024	− 0.016	0.064
	(0.033)	(0.034)	(0.055)	(0.033)	(0.034)	(0.056)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.056)	(0.031)	(0.028)	(0.056)
Wave3 × Selfish	− 0.058*	− 0.031	− 0.091	− 0.056	− 0.046	− 0.071	− 0.063*	− 0.053	− 0.073	− 0.053	− 0.038	− 0.066
	(0.035)	(0.039)	(0.057)	(0.036)	(0.040)	(0.059)	(0.036)	(0.038)	(0.059)	(0.035)	(0.037)	(0.059)
Wave3 × Selfish and altruistic	0.030	− 0.005	0.064	0.030	− 0.010	0.069	0.041	− 0.014	0.096*	0.054	− 0.001	0.108*
	(0.034)	(0.039)	(0.056)	(0.035)	(0.039)	(0.057)	(0.033)	(0.035)	(0.056)	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.058)
Wave3 × Simple	0.016	− 0.001	0.038	0.018	− 0.012	0.052	0.007	− 0.027	0.043	0.005	− 0.033	0.045
	(0.036)	(0.041)	(0.059)	(0.037)	(0.041)	(0.062)	(0.037)	(0.039)	(0.063)	(0.037)	(0.039)	(0.064)
Wave4	− 0.225***	− 0.346***	− 0.102**	− 0.230***	− 0.318***	− 0.140***	− 0.201***	− 0.235***	− 0.168***	− 0.165***	− 0.173***	− 0.157***
	(0.025)	(0.027)	(0.042)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.043)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.044)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.045)
Wave4 × Gain-framed altruistic	0.012	− 0.006	0.028	0.015	− 0.025	0.054	0.006	− 0.020	0.032	0.014	− 0.020	0.047
	(0.038)	(0.040)	(0.064)	(0.039)	(0.040)	(0.067)	(0.038)	(0.037)	(0.068)	(0.039)	(0.035)	(0.070)
Wave4 × Loss-framed altruistic	− 0.014	− 0.020	− 0.008	− 0.018	− 0.039	0.003	− 0.009	− 0.034	0.018	− 0.002	− 0.027	0.024
	(0.037)	(0.043)	(0.058)	(0.037)	(0.044)	(0.059)	(0.036)	(0.041)	(0.059)	(0.036)	(0.040)	(0.059)
Wave4 × Selfish	− 0.072*	− 0.041	− 0.110*	− 0.078**	− 0.063	− 0.099	− 0.080**	− 0.056	− 0.104*	− 0.076**	− 0.048	− 0.102
	(0.037)	(0.043)	(0.059)	(0.038)	(0.045)	(0.061)	(0.038)	(0.042)	(0.062)	(0.038)	(0.040)	(0.064)
Wave4 × Selfish and altruistic	0.009	0.004	0.011	0.003	− 0.003	0.008	0.010	0.001	0.018	0.020	0.008	0.031
	(0.037)	(0.041)	(0.061)	(0.038)	(0.041)	(0.063)	(0.037)	(0.038)	(0.063)	(0.037)	(0.037)	(0.064)
Wave4 × Simple	− 0.001	− 0.035	0.041	− 0.002	− 0.042	0.044	0.002	− 0.044	0.052	0.010	− 0.041	0.064
	(0.037)	(0.042)	(0.059)	(0.038)	(0.044)	(0.061)	(0.037)	(0.041)	(0.062)	(0.037)	(0.040)	(0.063)
Constant term	6.315***	6.751***	5.877***	6.529***	6.937***	6.117***	6.761***	6.971***	6.549***	6.851***	6.983***	6.717***
	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.011)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.011)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.011)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.011)
Number of observations	8482	8482	8482	4256	4256	4256	4226	4226	4226	4226	4226	4226
Number of participants	4241	2128	2113	4241	2128	2113	4241	2128	2113	4241	2128	2113

Notes Cluster robust standard errors at individual level are in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. We employ the contact-avoidance behavior INDEX in the first wave and divide the analysis sample into two subsamples: those who were relatively compliant with contact-avoidance instructions before the experiment (Sub-sample A: INDEX ≥ 6.5, N = 2128) and those who were not (Sub-sample B: INDEX < 6.5, N = 2113)