Table 1.

Recommendations for routine vaccinations of healthy older adults without risk factors as per age group

Disease	Age (years)	USA [55]	Europe		Indian Geriatric Society [56]	Author’s proposal
			UK [71]	Germany [72, 73]
Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis	≥ 50–64	1 Tdap + Td/Tdap booster every 10 years	–	1 Tdap booster every 10 years (≥ 60 years)	1 Tdap + Td booster every 10 years	1 Tdap + Td/Tdap booster every 10 years
	≥ 65		–
Measles, mumps, rubellaf	≥ 50–59	1–2 doses (if born in 1957 or later)	–	–	–	1–2 doses
	≥ 60		–	–		–
Varicellaf	≥ 50–64	2 doses	–	–	–	1–2 doses
	≥ 65		–	–
Influenza	≥ 50–64	1 dose annually	–	1 dose annually (≥ 60 years)	1 dose annually	1 dose annually
	≥ 65		1 dose annually
Herpes zoster	≥ 50–64	1a (≥ 60 years) or 2b (≥ 50 years) doses	–	1b dose (≥ 60 years)	–	1a or 2b doses
	≥ 65		1 dose (≥ 70 years)
Pneumococcal disease	≥ 50–64	–	–	1c dose (≥ 60 years)	1 dosee or c	–
	≥ 65	1c dose	1c dose		1 dosee or c	1 dosee or c
Hepatitis A	≥ 50–64	2 or 3 dosesd	–	–	–	1 or 2 dosesd
	≥ 65		–	–
Hepatitis B	≥ 50–64	2 or 3 dosesd	–	–	–	2 or 3 dosesd
	7 ≥ 65		–	–
Meningococcal A, C, W, Y	≥ 50–64	1 dosed	–	–	–	1 dose
	≥ 65		–	–
Meningococcal B	Recommendations to specific populations at risk and based on local recommendations
COVID-19	1 or 2 doses depending on vaccine and local recommendations

Td tetanus-diphtheria vaccine, Tdap tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine

^aLive vaccine

^bInactivated vaccine

^cPolysaccharide vaccine

^dDepending on vaccine and/or local recommendations

^e13-valent conjugate vaccine

^fWithout known history of vaccination or disease