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. 2021 May 7;39(7):823–833. doi: 10.1007/s40273-021-01018-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Potential benefits of patient involvement in modeling. The potential benefits of patient involvement are represented in distinct bubbles: benefits to the model, modeler, modeling process, and patient. “Benefits to the patient” appears with a question mark because it was not directly identified by study participants. Potential benefits to the model are detailed in three bubbles (excludes irrelevant phenomena; includes relevant phenomena; consistent with patients’ factual knowledge). Potential benefits to the modeler are detailed in four bubbles (knowledge; level of interest in the model; decision-making; communication). Potential benefits to the modeling process are detailed in six bubbles (more adequate for model conceptualization; more adequate for decision-making; transparent; democratic; objective; legitimate)