Fig. 2.

Potential harms of patient involvement in modeling. The potential harms of patient involvement are represented in distinct bubbles: benefits to the model, modeler, modeling process, and patient. Potential harms to the model are detailed in three bubbles (includes irrelevant phenomena; overly complex; difficult to communicate results). Potential harms to the modeler are detailed in one bubble (comfort on the job). Potential benefits to the modeling process are detailed in three bubbles (slowing the process; reducing rigor; complicating project management). Potential harms to the patient are detailed in four bubbles (unnecessary burden; being offended; tokenism; paternalism)