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. 2021 May 10;39(7):835–851. doi: 10.1007/s40273-021-01035-4

Table 3.

Number and percentage of users of the respective resource, mean per person costsa with standard deviations (SDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all of the people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and the population-based matched references, respectively, mean differences with 95% CIs between the PwMS and matched references, and the percentage of the mean costs among PwMS attributable to the excess, for each study year

PwMS (n = 1988) Matched references (n = 7981) Mean difference
Users (n) Users (%) Mean (EUR) SD 95% CI Users (n) Users (%) Mean (EUR) SD 95% CI Mean (EUR) 95% CI p value Percentage excessb
(a) Total costs
Total costs
 Year −4 1530 77.0 8225 16,715 7490–8960 5926 74.3 6469 15,026 6139–6799 1756 1000–2512 < 0.001 21.3
 Year −3 1546 77.8 8575 17,044 7826–9325 5878 73.7 6491 15,135 6159–6823 2085 1321–2848 < 0.001 24.3
 Year −2 1593 80.1 9154 18,349 8347–9961 5937 74.4 6253 15,267 5918–6588 2901 2118–3683 < 0.001 31.7
 Year −1 1702 85.6 11,408 19,093 10,568–12,247 5923 74.2 6234 15,101 5903–6566 5173 4388–5958 < 0.001 45.3
 Year 0 1988 100.0 26,203 23,690 25,161–27,245 6000 75.2 6441 15,256 6106–6775 19,762 18,913–20,611 < 0.001 75.4
 Year +1 1963 98.7 27,814 24,216 26,749–28,879 6043 75.7 6742 15,779 6396–7088 21,072 20,199–21,946 < 0.001 75.8
 Year +2 1958 98.5 27,584 24,288 26,516–28653 6039 75.7 7306 16,656 6941–7672 20,278 19,372–21,183 < 0.001 73.5
 Year +3 1960 98.6 26,905 24,116 25,844–27966 6015 75.4 7966 17,832 7574–8357 18,939 17,994–19,885 < 0.001 70.4
 Year +4 1956 98.4 27,167 24,443 26,091–28242 6097 76.4 8448 18,121 8050–8845 18,719 17,759-19,679 < 0.001 68.9
(b) Healthcare costs
Total healthcare costs
 Year −4 1513 76.1 1121 3495 968–1275 5856 73.4 906 3138 837–974 216 58–374 0.007 19.3
 Year −3 1525 76.7 1282 3247 1140–1425 5808 72.8 943 2801 882–1005 339 197–481 < 0.001 26.4
 Year −2 1578 79.4 1605 5540 1361–1848 5874 73.6 1000 3886 914–1085 605 395–815 < 0.001 37.7
 Year −1 1689 85.0 2272 4401 2078–2465 5867 73.5 1011 3291 939–1083 1261 1087–1435 < 0.001 55.5
 Year 0 1987 100.0 8870 7656 8533–9206 5932 74.3 1132 3433 1057–1207 7738 7512–7964 < 0.001 87.2
 Year +1 1962 98.7 10,312 8613 9933–10,691 5984 75.0 1202 3996 1115–1290 9110 8852–9368 < 0.001 88.3
 Year +2 1954 98.3 9527 8260 9164–9891 5983 75.0 1364 4673 1261–1466 8164 7890–8438 < 0.001 85.7
 Year +3 1955 98.3 8910 8417 8540–9280 5950 74.6 1423 5997 1292–1555 7487 7165–7809 < 0.001 84.0
 Year +4 1950 98.1 8347 8184 7987–8707 6023 75.5 1405 4831 1299–1511 6943 6665–7221 < 0.001 83.2
Inpatient healthcare costs
 Year −4 190 9.6 534 2865 408–660 684 8.6 443 2332 392–494 91 −30 to 211 0.139 17.0
 Year −3 209 10.5 565 2355 462–669 694 8.7 418 1989 375–462 147 45–248 0.005 26.0
 Year −2 207 10.4 707 4874 493–922 693 8.7 449 3230 378–520 258 80–436 0.004 36.5
 Year −1 327 16.5 882 3116 745–1019 621 7.8 416 2495 362–471 465 336–594 < 0.001 52.7
 Year 0 729 36.7 2449 5739 2196–2701 706 8.9 483 2434 430–537 1966 1800–2131 < 0.001 80.3
 Year +1 353 17.8 1613 6161 1342–1884 650 8.1 508 3206 438–579 1105 909–1300 < 0.001 68.5
 Year +2 340 17.1 1591 5349 1356–1826 710 8.9 622 3859 538–707 969 762–1175 < 0.001 60.9
 Year +3 324 16.3 1459 5284 1226–1691 669 8.4 647 5162 533–760 812 557–1067 < 0.001 55.7
 Year +4 297 14.9 1280 4640 1075–1484 631 7.9 608 3703 527–690 671 479–863 < 0.001 52.4
Specialised outpatient healthcare costs
 Year −4 685 34.5 313 727 281–345 2477 31.0 253 837 235–272 60 20–100 0.004 19.2
 Year −3 762 38.3 389 827 353–426 2572 32.2 310 858 291–329 79 37–121 < 0.001 20.3
 Year −2 890 44.8 479 919 439–520 2738 34.3 333 859 314–352 146 103–189 < 0.001 30.5
 Year −1 1141 57.4 762 1263 706–818 2770 34.7 362 972 341–383 400 349–451 < 0.001 52.5
 Year 0 1950 98.1 2221 1622 2150–2292 3008 37.7 407 1019 385–429 1814 1757–1871 < 0.001 81.7
 Year +1 1840 92.6 1736 1703 1661–1811 3160 39.6 449 997 427–471 1287 1229–1345 < 0.001 74.1
 Year +2 1807 90.9 1620 1644 1548–1692 3221 40.4 482 1099 458–506 1138 1077–1198 < 0.001 70.2
 Year +3 1782 89.6 1617 1701 1542–1692 3268 41.0 503 1128 478–528 1114 1052–1176 < 0.001 68.9
 Year +4 1754 88.2 1678 1783 1600–1756 3280 41.1 533 1217 507–560 1145 1078–1211 < 0.001 68.2
Drug costs
 Year −4 1339 67.4 275 1153 224–326 5078 63.6 209 987 188–231 65 15–116 0.011 23.6
 Year −3 1287 64.7 328 1393 267–389 4843 60.7 215 1063 192–238 113 57–169 < 0.001 34.5
 Year −2 1313 66.1 418 1723 342–494 4901 61.4 218 1069 194–241 201 140–261 < 0.001 48.1
 Year −1 1397 70.3 628 2118 535–721 4875 61.1 232 1203 206–259 396 325–466 < 0.001 63.1
 Year 0 1830 92.1 4200 4549 4000–4400 4946 62.0 242 1301 213–270 3958 3843–4073 < 0.001 94.2
 Year +1 1830 92.1 6963 5911 6703–7223 5001 62.7 245 1328 216–274 6718 6576–6860 < 0.001 96.5
 Year +2 1804 90.7 6316 6173 6045–6588 4937 61.9 259 1408 228–290 6057 5908–6206 < 0.001 95.9
 Year +3 1785 89.8 5834 6327 5556–6113 4978 62.4 274 1783 235–313 5560 5401–5720 < 0.001 95.3
 Year +4 1747 87.9 5390 6412 5108–5672 5052 63.3 263 1473 230–295 5127 4972–5282 < 0.001 95.1
(c) Productivity losses
Total productivity losses
 Year −4 405 20.4 7104 15,328 6430–7778 1370 17.2 5563 13,763 5261–5865 1540 848–2233 < 0.001 21.7
 Year −3 406 20.4 7293 15,742 6601–7986 1322 16.6 5547 14,010 5240–5855 1746 1040–2452 < 0.001 23.9
 Year −2 425 21.4 7549 16,124 6840–8258 1256 15.7 5254 13,754 4952–5555 2296 1595–2996 < 0.001 30.4
 Year −1 530 26.7 9136 17,212 8379–9893 1229 15.4 5223 13,802 4921–5526 3913 3198–4627 < 0.001 42.8
 Year 0 987 49.7 17,333 20,680 16,423–18,243 1264 15.8 5309 13,859 5005–5613 12,024 11,265–12,784 < 0.001 69.4
 Year +1 903 45.4 17,502 21,396 16,561–18,443 1309 16.4 5540 14,156 5229–5850 11,962 11,183–12,742 < 0.001 68.3
 Year +2 921 46.3 18,057 21,665 17,104–19,010 1393 17.5 5943 14,640 5622–6264 12,114 11,314–12,914 < 0.001 67.1
 Year +3 925 46.5 17,995 21,716 17,040–18,950 1509 18.9 6542 15,382 6205–6880 11,453 10,626–12,280 < 0.001 63.6
 Year +4 941 47.3 18,819 22,296 17,839–19,800 1579 19.8 7043 16,094 6690–7396 11,776 10,916–12,637 < 0.001 62.6
Sickness absence costsc
 Year −4 273 13.7 4372 12,232 3834–4911 911 11.4 3228 10,510 2997–3458 1145 610–1679 < 0.001 26.2
 Year −3 259 13.0 4214 12,234 3676–4752 840 10.5 3053 10,438 2823–3282 1162 630–1693 < 0.001 27.6
 Year −2 270 13.6 4330 12,541 3778–4881 755 9.5 2641 9740 2428–2855 1688 1179–2197 < 0.001 39.0
 Year −1 383 19.3 5966 14,289 5338–6595 748 9.4 2686 9873 2469–2902 3281 2746–3816 < 0.001 55.0
 Year 0 838 42.2 14,164 19,684 13,299–15,030 798 10.0 2914 10,302 2688–3140 11,251 10,625–11,877 < 0.001 79.4
 Year +1 740 37.2 13,766 20,118 12,881–14,651 844 10.6 3087 10,579 2855–3319 10,679 10,038–11,320 < 0.001 77.6
 Year +2 708 35.6 13,197 19,961 12,319–14,075 931 11.7 3441 11,177 3196–3686 9756 9098–10,414 < 0.001 73.9
 Year +3 621 31.2 11,366 19,123 10,525–12,207 1015 12.7 3885 11,959 3623–4147 7481 6808–8154 < 0.001 65.8
 Year +4 553 27.8 10,407 18,904 9576–11,239 1069 13.4 4218 12,601 3942–4495 6189 5497–6881 < 0.001 59.5
Disability pension costs
 Year −4 156 7.9 2915 10,538 2452–3379 536 6.7 2450 9709 2237–2663 465 −21 to 950 0.061 16.0
 Year −3 176 8.9 3282 11,233 2788–3776 557 7.0 2616 10,147 2394–2839 666 156–1176 0.011 20.3
 Year −2 184 9.3 3423 11,450 2919–3927 557 7.0 2713 10,440 2484–2942 710 186–1233 0.008 20.7
 Year −1 178 9.0 3335 11,364 2836–3835 543 6.8 2629 10,299 2403–2855 706 189–1223 0.007 21.2
 Year 0 192 9.7 3474 11,456 2970–3978 526 6.6 2508 10,036 2288–2729 966 458–1474 < 0.001 27.8
 Year +1 245 12.3 4251 12,551 3699–4803 507 6.4 2524 10,180 2301–2748 1727 1202–2253 < 0.001 40.6
 Year +2 347 17.5 5680 14,158 5057–6303 524 6.6 2593 10,334 2366–2820 3087 2537–3638 < 0.001 54.3
 Year +3 462 23.2 7671 15,896 6972–8370 551 6.9 2770 10,739 2534–3005 4901 4314–5488 < 0.001 63.9
 Year +4 543 27.3 9553 17,590 8780–10,327 566 7.1 2932 11,181 2687–3177 6622 5997–7246 < 0.001 69.3

EUR Euros, MS multiple sclerosis, SEK Swedish krona

aMean costs were calculated for all 1988 PwMS and the 7981 population-based matched references without MS, respectively in the study population, irrespective of resource use. All costs are presented in Euros in 2019 values. The annual exchange rate for 2019 from SEK to EUR that was used was 10.5891 [38]

bThe percentage excess refers to the mean difference between PwMS and references as a proportion of the mean of that cost component for PwMS

cIn order not to introduce bias in relation to employment status, only sickness absence periods >14 days were included. There is a slight overestimation of the sickness absence-related productivity losses in the disaggregated costs (range: 0.3–1.2% of the cohort per year) due to capping of the net days of sickness absence and disability pension combined at the number of possible days in the year in calculating total productivity losses in cases where the number of net days combined exceeded the possible days in the year