Alcohol incurs substantial costs to societies, including in middle-income countries.

A methodology is proposed to estimate total costs while accounting for omitted cost components.

If all cost components were to be considered, the economic costs of alcohol consumption would amount to 1306 international dollars (Int$) per adult (95% confidence interval 873–1738), 1872 Int$ per drinker (95% CI 1279–2466), or equivalent to 2.6% (95% CI 2.0–3.1%) of the gross domestic product.