Table 3.

Three Models of the Relationship Between Childhood SES and Language/Executive Function

Social pathways model	Standardized estimate	SE
Childhood SES → Adolescent scholastic performance	0.50***	0.04
Childhood SES → Midlife status attainment	0.61***	0.04
Adolescent scholastic performance → Midlife status attainment	0.40***	0.01
Childhood SES → Language/executive function	−0.22***	0.05
Midlife status attainment → Language/executive function	0.67***	0.04

Latency model	Standardized estimate	SE
Childhood SES → Adolescent scholastic performance	0.54***	0.05
Childhood SES → Midlife status attainment	0.68***	0.05
Adolescent scholastic performance → Midlife status attainment	0.35***	0.02
Childhood SES → Language/executive function	0.26***	0.03
Adolescent scholastic performance → Language/executive function	0.32***	0.01

Combined model	Standardized estimate	SE
Childhood SES → Adolescent scholastic performance	0.52***	0.04
Childhood SES → Midlife status attainment	0.60***	0.04
Adolescent scholastic performance → Midlife status attainment	0.36***	0.02
Childhood SES → Language/executive function	−0.07	0.04
Adolescent scholastic performance → Language/executive function	0.20***	0.02
Midlife status attainment → Language/executive function	0.37***	0.03

Note. SE = standard error; SES = socioeconomic status.

***p < .001.