Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of all respondents by exposure group
| Characteristic | Total population (n=912) |
No PPS exposure (n=317) |
T1 (n=163) |
T2 (n=140) |
T3 (n=152) |
Unknown Exposure (n=140) |
p-value⸸ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Age- yr (SD) | 53.6 (13.7) | 53.7 (14.7) | 47.6 (12.9) | 54.0 (12.7) | 57.0 (11.4) | 54.4 (13.6) | <0.001 | |
| Female sex- no./total no. (%) | 861/893 (96.4) | 301/317 (95.0) | 152/163 (93.3) | 132/140 (94.3) | 146/149 (98.0) | 130/135 (96.3) | 0.49‡ | |
| Race- White no./total no. (%) | 846/910 (93.0) | 290/317 (91.5) | 150/163 (92.0) | 130/140 (92.9) | 143/151 (94.7) | 133/139 (95.7) | 0.47‡ | |
| ≥1-year tobacco use history – no./total no. (%) | 297/904 (32.9) | 112/313 (35.8) | 50/162 (30.9) | 40/139 (28.8) | 55/151 (36.4) | 40/139 (28.8) | 0.35‡ | |
| Height- m (SD) | 1.64 (0.09) | 1.64 (0.08) | 1.65 (0.07) | 1.64 (0.08) | 1.64 (0.07) | 1.64 (0.11) | 0.82 | |
| Weight- kg (SD) | 76.7 (25.6) | 78.8 (28.7) | 75.7 (23.3) | 76.3 (27.6) | 73.4 (21.0) | 77.5 (23.6) | 0.29 | |
| Body Mass Index- kg/m2 (SD) | 28.7 (10.2) | 29.5 (11.3) | 27.9 (8.4) | 28.7 (11.3) | 27.6 (8.8) | 29.1 (9.8) | 0.33 | |
| Medical history- no./total no. (%) | Kidney-related | 46/907 (5.1) | 18/315 (5.7) | 6/162 (3.7) | 7/140 (5.0) | 7/152 (4.6) | 8/140 (5.8) | 0.90‡ |
| Liver-related | 7/905 (0.8) | 5/314 (1.6) | 0/161 (0) | 0/140 (0) | 1/151 (0.7) | 1/139 (0.7) | 0.34** | |
| Spleen-related | 3/903 (0.3) | 2/313 (0.6) | 0/162 (0) | 0/139 (0) | 1/149 (0.7) | 0/140 (0) | 0.81** | |
| Mean PPS exposure in exposed participants- g (SD) | 889.7 (881.0) | NA | 161.8 (93.8) | 636.7 (204.4) | 1903.3 (787.7) | NA | <0.001 | |
| Proportion of respondents with score <3- no/total no. (%) | Overall eyesight* | 61/902 (6.8) | 19/313 (6.0) | 10/161 (6.2) | 6/140 (4.3) | 14/151 (9.3) | 12/137 (8.8) | 0.40 |
| Reading small print † | 69/901 (7.7) | 20/311 (6.4) | 6/161 (3.7) | 11/140 (7.9) | 20/152 (13.2) | 12/137 (8.8) | 0.03 | |
| Driving at night † | 196/879 (22.3) | 62/301 (20.6) | 35/158 (22.2) | 28/137 (20.0) | 38/147 (25.8) | 33/136 (24.3) | 0.71 | |
| Reading in dim lighting † | 127/901 (14.1) | 40/311 (12.9) | 15/161 (9.3) | 28/140 (20.0) | 29/152 (19.1) | 15/137 (10.9) | 0.02 | |
NA: Not applicable. T: tertile. PPS: pentosan polysulfate. SD: standard deviation
*
Scoring based on a 5-point Likert scale: 1=Very poor, 2=Poor, 3=Fair, 4=Good, 5=Excellent.
†
Scoring based on a 5-point Likert scale: 1= Stopped doing this due to eyesight, 2= Extreme difficulty, 3=Moderate difficulty, 4= A little difficulty, 5= No difficulty at all.
⸸
Comparison with ANOVA across all exposure groups unless otherwise specified.
‡
Comparison with Pearson’s chi-squared test across all exposure groups.
**
Comparison with Fisher’s exact test across all exposure groups.