TABLE 5.

Effects of self-management on psychological outcomes based on level of sports participation.

Variables	MIL	n	ES	−95%CI	+95%CI	Q	I2	Tau
Athletic satisfaction	MHR	36	0.362	0.305	0.416	325.784	89.256	0.183
	CEPA	47	0.304	0.246	0.361	621.054	92.593	0.213
Exercise commitment	MHR	20	0.448	0.394	0.499	105.806	82.042	0.135
	CEPA	32	0.380	0.342	0.418	135.853	77.181	0.112
Self confidence	MHR	68	0.369	0.353	0.386	141.042	52.496	5.83E-02
	CEPA	96	0.349	0.331	0.369	232.047	59.060	8.32E

MIL, Martial arts involvement level; MHR, Middle and high School athlete and recreational participants; and CEPA, Collegiate elite and professional athletes.