Table 1.

Clinical trials of MSCs in liver diseases.

Liver disease	MSC source	Follow-up	Clinical results	Possible related mechanisms	References
Chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis	UC-MSC	48 weeks	Improve liver function and reduce ascites	Regulate HSC activation; reduce resistance to portal flow	(22)
Acute liver allograft rejection	UC-MSC	12 weeks	Decrease ALT levels; improve allograft histology	Increase Treg/Th17 ratio and downregulate CD41 T-cell	(23)
Hepatitis B virus-related Acute-on-chronic liver failure	BM-MSC	24 weeks	Increases survival rate; improve liver function; decrease severe infections incidence	Immunomodulation and anti-inflammation effect	(24)
HCV positive end-stage liver disease	BM-MSC	6 months	Improve liver functions and ascites; improve Child-Pugh and performance score	Downregulate collagen matrix formation; increase serum S-albumin level	(25)
Alcoholic cirrhosis	BM-MSC	12 months	Improved histologic fibrosis and liver function; improve ascites and encephalopathy	Mechanism for fibrosis reduction is not elucidated	(26)
Decompensated cirrhosis	BM-MSC	12 months	Improvement in MELD score and liver function; no obvious effect in improving histologic fibrosis	MSCs transplantation is probably not effective in decompensated cirrhosis	(27)
Ischemic-type biliary lesion	UC-MSC	2 years	Improve liver performance; reduce need for interventional therapies	The related mechanism is not elucidated	(28)