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. 2021 May 31;8:656631. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.656631

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Copyright © 2021 He, Wang, Yao, Cao, Yin, Zi, Chen, Fu, Wang and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mean AF inducibility, AF duration and AERP in all groups. (A,B) The mean AERP in both LA and RA was substantially greater in the pacing group than in the other two groups, and the pacing+TRAM-34 group was substantially greater than in the sham group. (C) The mean AF incidence rate was substantially greater in the pacing group than in the other two groups, and for the pacing+TRAM-34 group it was substantially greater than in the sham groups. (D) The mean AF duration was substantially greater in the pacing group than that in the other two groups, and in the pacing+TRAM-34 group it was substantially greater than in the sham group. P** < 0.01 vs. the sham group, P*** < 0.001 vs. the sham group. P^ΔΔ < 0.01 vs. the pacing group, P^ΔΔΔ < 0.001 vs. the pacing group. AF, atrial fibrillation; AERP, atrial effective refractory period; RA, right atrium; LA, left atrium.