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. 2021 May 31;8:656631. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.656631

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Copyright © 2021 He, Wang, Yao, Cao, Yin, Zi, Chen, Fu, Wang and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Representative atrial sections double labeled immunofluorescence for KCa3.1 and CD68-marked macrophage (while arrow). (B) Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the expression of KCa3.1 in macrophage in the atrium was significantly higher in the pacing group than in the sham group and pacing+TRAM-34 group. (C) Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the overall expression level of KCa3.1 (mainly in cardiomyocytes according to the immunofluorescence figure) in the atrium was significantly higher in the pacing group than in the sham group and pacing+TRAM-34 group. (D–G) Western blotting demonstrated that the expression of KCa3.1 in the LA and RA was higher in the pacing group compared with the control and pacing+TRAM34 groups. There was no significant difference in the expression of KCa3.1 between the LA and the RA in the three groups, respectively. (H) Quantitative analysis of M1 macrophages in sections of atrial samples (n = 4). The number of M1 macrophages was significantly higher in the pacing group than in the sham or pacing+TRAM-34 groups. The number of M1 macrophage in atrium was higher in the pacing+TRAM-34 group than that in the sham group. (I,J) The expression of CD68 detected by WB analysis. The relative level of CD68 in the pacing group was markedly higher than in the sham and pacing+TRAM-34 groups. The pacing+TRAM-34 group had a higher level of CD68 in the atrium compared with sham group. (K,L) The expression of Arg-1 detected by RT-PCR analysis. The relative level of Arg-1 mRNA in the pacing group was markedly depressed both in LA and RA than in the sham-operated or pacing+TRAM-34 groups. The pacing+TRAM-34 group had a lower level of Arg-1 mRNA in the atrium compared with the sham-operated group. (M,N) The expression of iNOS detected by RT-PCR analysis. The relative level of iNOS mRNA in the pacing group was markedly higher in both the LA and RA than in the sham-operated and pacing+TRAM-34 groups. The pacing+TRAM-34 group had a higher level of iNOS in the atrium compared with the sham group (P < 0.001). P* < 0.05 vs. the sham group, P** < 0.01 vs. the sham group, P*** < 0.001 vs. the sham group. P^Δ < 0.05 vs. the pacing group, P^ΔΔ < 0.01 vs. the pacing group, P^ΔΔΔ < 0.001 vs. the pacing group. In our experiment, the same GAPDH was used for TNF-α, MCP-1, and the same GAPDH was used for IL-β, p38, c-Fos. Arg-1, Arginase 1; iNOS, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; RA, right atrium; LA, left atrium.