Table 1.
Examples of quiz items for different knowledge categories and corresponding feedback messages provided after responding, and the logic for constructing incorrect response options.
| Quiz item and feedback messages | Logic for incorrect response options |
|---|---|
| Who went down in history as “Frederick the Great”? (history) | Each incorrect response option also provided a name of a royal historical person |
| (a) Frederick II. | |
| (b) Frederick VII. | |
| (c) Frederick Barbarossa | |
| (d) Frederick IV. | |
| KCRF: Frederick II. | |
| AIF: Frederick II.—popularly known as Old Fritz—was king of Prussia from 1740 and king of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1772. | |
| What is the name of the author of “Robinson Crusoe”? (literature) | Each incorrect response option also provided a name of a novelist |
| (a) Daniel Defoe | |
| (b) Herman Melville | |
| (c) Mark Twain | |
| (d) Edgar Allen Poe | |
| KCRF: Daniel Defoe. | |
| AIF: Daniel Defoe. The English author received worldwide fame through his novel “Robinson Crusoe” and is regarded as a pioneer of English novels. | |
| What is the name of one of the most famous cycling races in the world? (sports) | Each incorrect response option provided a name similar to the correct response option |
| (a) Vuelta | |
| (b) Vuesta | |
| (c) Vulera | |
| (d) Volana | |
| KCRF: Vuelta. | |
| AIF: Vuelta. The Vuelta Ciclista a España—or Tour of Spain—is one of the three “Grand Tours” along with the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia. | |
| How many mountains on earth are higher than 8,000 m? (geography) | Each incorrect response option provided a number around the correct number |
| (a) 14 | |
| (b) 10 | |
| (c) 18 | |
| (d) 16 | |
| KCRF: 14. | |
| AIF: 14. Ten of these so-called “eight-thousanders” are located in the Himalaya and four in the adjacent Karakoram. | |
| Which name for a garment originates in the Indian language Hindi? (fashion) | Each incorrect response option also provided a term for an item of clothing |
| (a) Pajama | |
| (b) Negligee | |
| (c) Parka | |
| (d) Caban | |
| KCRF: Pajama. | |
| AIF: Pajama. The word pajamas entered English in the nineteenth century, and since the beginning of the twentieth century in German has the meaning “sleeping suit”. |
Each feedback message (KCRF: knowledge of correct response feedback; AIF: attribute isolation feedback) started with “Correct.” (following a correct response) or “Incorrect.” (following an incorrect response). Category names (e.g., history) were not displayed to participants.